Türk hukuk tarihinde Tanzimat dönemi ceza mahkemelerinin gelişimi
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2023
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Osmanlı Devleti tarih sahnesine çıktığı ilk günden itibaren yargılama sistemine, yargılama sujelerine ve tebaasını oluşturan gayrimüslimlerin haklarına ayrı bir hassasiyet göstermiştir. Adalet sisteminin temel kaynağını İslam hukuk sisteminden alan Osmanlı, zamanın şartlarına ve değişen dünya düzenine göre adalet sisteminde ıslahatlar yapmaktan çekinmemiştir. Yargı sistemine en derin etki eden husus ise Tanzimat süreci olmuştur. Tanzimat ile birlikte Osmanlı, ıslahatlarını gerçekleştirebilmek adına yüzünü batıya dönmüş, İslam dini hükümleri ile ceza yargılamaları açısından ikili bir sentez sağlamaya çalışmıştır. Klasik dönemde şer'iyye mahkemeleri tarafından yapılan yargılamalarda günümüze benzer bir şekilde ceza davaları ve hukuk davaları ayrımı yapılmamıştır. Osmanlı kadısı önüne gelen tüm uyuşmazlıkları şer'i ve örfi hukuk kuralları kapsamında çözümlemeye çalışmıştır. Islahat arzusu ile birlikte devlet teşkilatı değişmiş, tek hakimli yargılama sisteminden vazgeçilerek meclis rolünde yargılamaya ehil makamlar kurulmuş, nizamiye mahkemelerinin yıllar içerisinde şer'iyye mahkemelerinin üzerine çıkarak asıl mahkeme rolünü üstlenmiş, Tanzimat Ferman'ındaki kazanımların korunması amacıyla şeriata uygun bir şekilde batılı kanunlar iktisap edilmiş, verilen kararların hukuka uygunluğunun denetlenmesi amacıyla sistematik kanun yolları tahsis edilmiş, savcılık ve avukatlık gibi mesleklerin ortaya çıkmasına olanak tanınmıştır.
From the very beginning of its emergence on the historical stage, the Ottoman Empire showed a special sensitivity towards its judicial system, subjects of justice, and the rights of its non-Muslim population who constituted its subjects. Deriving its fundamental source from the Islamic legal system, the Ottoman Empire did not hesitate to make reforms in its justice system in accordance with the conditions of the time and the changing world order. The most profound influence on the judicial system came with the Tanzimat period. With Tanzimat, the Ottoman Empire turned its face towards the West in order to carry out its reforms and attempted to achieve a dual synthesis between Islamic religious provisions and criminal justice in terms of its justice system. In the classical period, there was no distinction made between criminal and civil cases in the trials conducted by the Sharia courts. The Ottoman qadi tried to resolve all disputes brought before him within the framework of both Sharia and customary law. With the desire for reform, the state organization changed, abandoning the single-judge judicial system and establishing competent authorities for trials in the role of a council. The nizamiye courts gradually surpassed the Sharia courts and assumed the main role of a court. In order to preserve the gains in the Tanzimat Edict, Western laws that were compatible with Sharia were adopted, systematic legal channels were allocated to ensure the legality of decisions, and professions such as prosecution and lawyering were allowed to emerge. Furthermore, during the Tanzimat period, the rights of non-Muslims were expanded. Particularly with the 1856 Reform Edict, non-Muslims were recognized as Ottoman citizens, granting them rights such as being tried under civil law and serving in the military. Additionally, during this period, the rights of women in the judicial system were also addressed and reforms were made to improve their status.
From the very beginning of its emergence on the historical stage, the Ottoman Empire showed a special sensitivity towards its judicial system, subjects of justice, and the rights of its non-Muslim population who constituted its subjects. Deriving its fundamental source from the Islamic legal system, the Ottoman Empire did not hesitate to make reforms in its justice system in accordance with the conditions of the time and the changing world order. The most profound influence on the judicial system came with the Tanzimat period. With Tanzimat, the Ottoman Empire turned its face towards the West in order to carry out its reforms and attempted to achieve a dual synthesis between Islamic religious provisions and criminal justice in terms of its justice system. In the classical period, there was no distinction made between criminal and civil cases in the trials conducted by the Sharia courts. The Ottoman qadi tried to resolve all disputes brought before him within the framework of both Sharia and customary law. With the desire for reform, the state organization changed, abandoning the single-judge judicial system and establishing competent authorities for trials in the role of a council. The nizamiye courts gradually surpassed the Sharia courts and assumed the main role of a court. In order to preserve the gains in the Tanzimat Edict, Western laws that were compatible with Sharia were adopted, systematic legal channels were allocated to ensure the legality of decisions, and professions such as prosecution and lawyering were allowed to emerge. Furthermore, during the Tanzimat period, the rights of non-Muslims were expanded. Particularly with the 1856 Reform Edict, non-Muslims were recognized as Ottoman citizens, granting them rights such as being tried under civil law and serving in the military. Additionally, during this period, the rights of women in the judicial system were also addressed and reforms were made to improve their status.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Tanzimat Fermanı, Ceza Kanunnamesi, Nizamiye Mahkemeleri, Tanzimat Edict, Penal Code, Nizamiye Courts
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Başdemir, A. (2023). Türk hukuk tarihinde Tanzimat dönemi ceza mahkemelerinin gelişimi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
