Gaye Çarmıklı Koleksiyonu ve Sadberk Hanım Müzesi’nden Doğuran Kadın Amuletleri
Yükleniyor...
Tarih
2023
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Selçuk Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeloji Bölümü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Camdan yapılmış, kalıpta şekillendirilmiş, çömelir pozisyonda ve iki eli genital bölgesinde olan çıplak bir kadın figürünün betimlendiği amuletler, Hellenistik ve Roma dönemlerinde Mısır, Levant ve Kuzey Afrika kıyılarındaki antik kentlerde yoğunlaşan bir buluntu grubudur. Amulet amaçlı kullanılan bu eser grubu Anadolu’da Gaye Çarmıklı Koleksiyonu ile Sadberk Hanım Müzesi’nde bulunan üç örnekle bilinir. Özgün ve az tanınır ikonografisiyle dikkat çeken eserlerden sadece birinin buluntu yeri bilinmektedir. Amulet-1, Lydia Bölgesi sınırları içerisine giren Manisa ili, Sarıgöl ilçesi, Dindarlı köyünde ele geçmiştir. Buluntu kontekstine ilişkin kesin veri olmaması nedeniyle amuletler yayınlanmış az sayıdaki örnek doğrultusunda analoji yöntemiyle tarihlendirilmiştir. En erken örnekleri MÖ 4. yüzyıla tarihlenen amuletler Hellenistik Dönem yoğun olmak üzere Roma Dönemi’ne kadar üretilmeye devam etmiştir. Kalıp birlikteliğini düşündürecek kadar benzer olan Amulet-1 ve Amulet-2 Mısır orijinli British Museum örneğine benzerliği nedeniyle MÖ 2. yüzyıl sonu ile 1. yüzyıla tarihlenmiştir. Biçimsel farklılıkları gözlemlenen Amulet-3 için ise Geç Hellenistik Dönem tarihlemesi önerilmektedir. Çömelen (squat) pozisyonda çıplak kadın figürlerinin Mısır’da ele geçen terracotta örnekleri araştırmacılar tarafından tanrıça Demeter mitosunda anılan “Baubo” figürüyle özdeşleştirilmiş ve günümüze kadar da bu adlandırma tartışmalı ikonografisine karşın geçerliliğini korumuştur. Kadının doğurganlığını arttıran, aynı zamanda anne ve çocuğu koruyarak toplumsal işgücünü sürdürülebilir kıldığına inanılan bu figürler Prehistorik Dönem “ana tanrıçalarına” benzer betimleme şablonuyla her kültürün yerel bereket tanrıçası ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bu süreçte Demeter-Persephone kültünün kadın ve doğumla bağlantısı nedeniyle “Baubo” tanımı önerilmiş, ardından Isis-Aphrodite, Omphale ve Kotys gibi yeni tanımlar da geçerlilik kazanmıştır. Aslında figürlerin ikonografik içeriği “Baubo” olarak adlandırılan figürlerden çok daha erken bir sürece giderken, amuletlerin doğum ve sonrasına dair üstlendiği koruyuculuk fonksiyonu günümüz geleneklerini anımsatacak kadar da günceldir.
The amulets of mold-made glass depicted a nude squatting fat female figure, with both hands placed in her genital area are a group of finds that are concentrated in ancient cities on the Egyptian, Levant and North African coasts during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. This group of artefacts used for amulets is known in Anatolia. There are three examples from the Gaye Çarmıklı Collection and the Sadberk Hanım Museum. Only one of the amulets, which attract attention for its original and little-known iconography, is known where it was found. Amulet-1 found in the Dindarlı village of Manisa, where the ancient Lydia region is located. Due to lack of the certain find-context it was dated by analogy method based on the few published samples. The earliest examples of amulets are dated to the 4th century BC and they continued to be more intensively in the Hellenistic Period until the Roman Period. Amulet-1 and 2, which are so similar as to suggest that they may have been made from the same mould, have been dated to the end of the 2nd and 1st century BC on the basis of their similarity to the British Museum’s Egyptian sample. A Late Hellenistic date is suggested for the Amulet-3, whose stylistic differences are observed. The terracotta samples of nude squatting fat female figures found in Egypt were identified by the researchers with the “Baubo”, which mentioned in the myth of the goddess Demeter, and this definition has preserved its validity despite its controversial iconography. These figures, which are believed to increase the fertility of women and make the social workforce sustainable by protecting the mother and child at the same time, have been associated with the local fertility goddess of each culture with a depiction pattern similar to the Prehistoric Period “Mother Goddesses”. In this process, the definition of “Baubo” was recommended because of the connection of the cult of Demeter-Persephone with women and childbirth, and then the new identification as Isis-Aphrodite, Omphale and Kotys acquired currency. In fact, while the iconographic content of the figures goes much earlier than the figures called “Baubo”, the protective function undertaken by the amulets for birth and afterward is as up-to-date as reminiscent of today’s traditions.
The amulets of mold-made glass depicted a nude squatting fat female figure, with both hands placed in her genital area are a group of finds that are concentrated in ancient cities on the Egyptian, Levant and North African coasts during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. This group of artefacts used for amulets is known in Anatolia. There are three examples from the Gaye Çarmıklı Collection and the Sadberk Hanım Museum. Only one of the amulets, which attract attention for its original and little-known iconography, is known where it was found. Amulet-1 found in the Dindarlı village of Manisa, where the ancient Lydia region is located. Due to lack of the certain find-context it was dated by analogy method based on the few published samples. The earliest examples of amulets are dated to the 4th century BC and they continued to be more intensively in the Hellenistic Period until the Roman Period. Amulet-1 and 2, which are so similar as to suggest that they may have been made from the same mould, have been dated to the end of the 2nd and 1st century BC on the basis of their similarity to the British Museum’s Egyptian sample. A Late Hellenistic date is suggested for the Amulet-3, whose stylistic differences are observed. The terracotta samples of nude squatting fat female figures found in Egypt were identified by the researchers with the “Baubo”, which mentioned in the myth of the goddess Demeter, and this definition has preserved its validity despite its controversial iconography. These figures, which are believed to increase the fertility of women and make the social workforce sustainable by protecting the mother and child at the same time, have been associated with the local fertility goddess of each culture with a depiction pattern similar to the Prehistoric Period “Mother Goddesses”. In this process, the definition of “Baubo” was recommended because of the connection of the cult of Demeter-Persephone with women and childbirth, and then the new identification as Isis-Aphrodite, Omphale and Kotys acquired currency. In fact, while the iconographic content of the figures goes much earlier than the figures called “Baubo”, the protective function undertaken by the amulets for birth and afterward is as up-to-date as reminiscent of today’s traditions.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Amulet, Pandantif, Doğum, Demeter, Baubo, Ana Tanrıça, Cam, Pendant, Birth, Demeter, Baubo, Mother Goddesses, Glass
Kaynak
Arkhaia Anatolika: Anadolu Arkeolojisi Araştırmaları Dergisi
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
6
Künye
Uygun, Ç., Arslan, M. (2023). Gaye Çarmıklı Koleksiyonu ve Sadberk Hanım Müzesi’nden Doğuran Kadın Amuletleri. Arkhaia Anatolika: Anadolu Arkeolojisi Araştırmaları Dergisi, (6), 65-81. DOI: 10.32949/Arkhaia.2023.58
