Türk ve Alman çocuk edebiyatında vampirler: Angela Sommer-Bodenburg'un "Küçük Vampir" adlı eseri ve Nazlı Eray'ın "Naz ve Köşkteki Vampir" adlı eserin karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2024
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bu çalışmada Türk ve Alman kültüründe vampir miti iki yazarın eserleri doğrultusunda karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmıştır. Her iki eser de modern dönem edebiyatının özelliklerini yansıttığından, çocuk edebiyatının tarihsel gelişimi ve dönem özellikleri göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Daha önceki yapılan çalışmalarda ''vampir'' izleğinde farklı noktalara değinilmiştir. Bu çalışma iki eserin karşılaştırılmalı olarak incelenmesi, ''vampir'' izleğinin Türk ve Alman kültüründe farklı algılanması, çocuk karakterlerin reel dünyadan uzaklaşarak yapay dünyadan varlıklarla dostluk kurması açısından daha önce vampirlerle ilgili yapılan çalışmalardan ayrılmaktadır. Birinci bölümde eserlerimiz çocuk edebiyatı olarak nitelendirildiği için Türk ve Alman çocuk edebiyatındaki gelişimi ve özellikleri aktarılmıştır. Yazarlarımız eserlerini oluştururken çocuk bakış açısıyla oluşturmuş ve çocuk gözüyle olayları ele alarak empati kurmuştur. Ayrıca çocuk edebiyatını oluşturan alanlar, çocuk edebiyatının önemi, çocuk edebiyatında hikâye ve roman özellikleri detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Çocukların öznellikleri, iş dünyaları, değişken ruh halleri, duyguları, hayalleri, korkuları ciddiye alınmaktadır. Sommer-Bodenburg, öğretmenlik yaptığı dönemde öğrencilerinin fikirlerinden ilham alarak ''Küçük Vampir'' adlı eserini yazmıştır. Eray, eserinde çocukluğa duyduğu özlemi dile getirir. Hızla gelişen medyanın etkisiyle çocukların ve gençlerin sosyalleşmesi giderek daha da önem kazanmıştır. ''Küçük Vampir'' adlı eser seri film şeklinde çekilmiş ve TV kanallarında yayınlanmıştır. Birçok ülkede radyo oyunu olarak geniş kitlelere ulaştırılır. Ünlü TV kanalları ARD, RTL, SAT 1, Nickelodeon ve Kinderkanal yayınlanmıştır. Uzun metrajlı film olarak Almanya ve İngiltere'de gösterime girerek Almanya Film Ödülünü ''Çocuk ve Gençlik Filmleri'' dalında kazanır. Çocuk edebiyatı hikâye ve romanları, olay örgüsü, bakış açısı, karakterler, mekân ve zaman özellikleri açısından incelenmiştir. Metin karşılaştırmalarında eserlerin hangi değerleri aktardığı da önemlidir. Bilgi aktarımının hızlı ve çeşitli olduğu günümüz dünyasında çocuk edebiyatı hem çocuğu içeren hem de edebiyatı kavrayan bir kavramdır. Ele alınan eserlerde farklı varlıklar arasında kurulan dostluk, saygı, yardımseverlik, çocukluk değerlerinin önemi gibi kavramlar üzerinde durulmuştur. Çocuk eserlerinin toplumsal değerlere aktarmada etkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Özellikle Sanayi Devrimi ile birlikte çalışma hayatına atılan kadın, kendi tecrübelerini, toplumun kabul ve değerlerini çocuğuna aktaracak vakti bulamamakta, çalışma hayatının zorluklarından dolayı daha az birlikte vakit geçiren aile bireyleri arasında iletişim azalmaktadır. Bu da değer aktarımını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Burada çocuk kitapları ve dijital sektör devreye girmektedir. Değerler eğitimi kitaplarla, oyunlarla ve filmlerle aktarılmaya çalışılmaktadır. İkinci bölümde ise çocuk edebiyatında fantastik kavramı ve özellikleri açıklanmıştır. Eserlerimiz fantastik unsurlar kullanılarak oluşturulmuştur. İçerisinde gizem, olağanüstü, vampir gibi kavramları bulundurmaktadır. Çünkü çocuklar fantastik edebiyat sayesinde düş güçlerini harekete geçirirler. Bu tür ürünler çocuklar üzerinde daha eğitici bir rol üstlenmektedir. Mitolojik ve tarihi karakterlerin yer aldığı eserlerdeki kahramanlar, cesaret, kahramanlık, vatanseverlik ve doğaya saygı gibi değerleriyle çocuklara rol model olurlar. Bu sayede onların doğruyu ve güzeli öğrenmelerine katkıda bulunulmaktadır. Çocukların hayal dünyasını geliştirmek ve onlara sorgulamayı öğretmek için her iki yazar da fantastik unsurları başarılı bir şekilde kullanmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise ''Vampir nedir?'', vampir özellikleri, Türk ve Alman kültüründeki vampirlerin varlığı ve tarihsel süreci ele alınmıştır. Vampir kavramı her iki kültürde de farklı kavramlarla ifade edilmektedir. Ancak taşıdıkları özellikler bakımından benzerlikler de göstermektedir. Vampir genellikle uzun dişleri olan, teni esmer, uzun boylu, siyah bir pelerin giyen, karizmatik bir adam olarak tasvir edilir. Ancak ''Küçük Vampir'' adlı eserde çocuk vampir olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Vampirlerin nitelikleri, çocuk vampir Rüdiger karakteri aracılığıyla sunulmaktadır. ''Naz ve Köşkteki Vampir'' adlı eserde ise Kont Drakula mizahi bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Verilen ürkütücü özelliklerden uzaklaşılarak aristokrat, hoş sohbet ve çok kültürlü bir karakter olarak yansıtılmaktadır. Eserlerde, kan, ölümsüzlük ve vampirlerin yok edilmesi temaları öne çıkarılmıştır. Çünkü ölümsüzlük, sonsuz olmak okuyucuyu etkilemektedir. Ancak vampirleri yok etme yöntemi, acı ve ızdıraplarla doludur. Dördüncü bölümde ise iki kadın yazarın yaşamı, edebi kişiliği ele alınmış; benzerlik ve farklılıklar ortaya koymaya çalışılmıştır. Doğum tarihleri birbirlerine çok yakın olan dünyanın farklı yerlerinde yaşasalar da benzer üsluba sahip olan yazarlarımız fantastik ve sürrealist özellikleri bu eserlerine yansıtmakta oldukça ustadır. Dönemin özelliklerini ve fantastik yaşamı çocuk bakış açısıyla muhteşem bir şekilde sunmuştur. Ayrıca her ikisi de korku özelliği gösteren fantastik unsurları mizahi biri üslupla olağan dışı bir biçimde ele almıştır. Beşinci bölümde ise eserler karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Öncelikle yazarların hayatı ve üslup özelliklerindeki farklılık ve benzerlikler dikkate alınmıştır. Eserlerden örnek cümleler verilerek bu özellikler aktarılmıştır. Konu bakımından bir karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Her iki eserde de çocuk karakterler dikkate alınarak mümkün olmayan dostluklar kurulmuş ve bu süreçte yaşanan maceralar dikkate alınmıştır. Dostluğun ve çocukluktan büyüme çağına geçiş sürecinde özlenen durumlar verilmiştir. Fantastik unsurlar bakımından da karşılaştırılan ögelerden yararlanılmıştır; uçma, mekân değişişimi, fiziksel başkalaşım, ortadan kaybolma, görünmeme, zamanlararası yolculuk, reel/yapay dünya karşılaştırılması gibi fantastik ögelerin karşılaştırılması örnekler verilerek ispat edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Fantastik unsurlar dışında eserlerde aktarılmak istenen değerler, vampir unsurunun sempatikleştirerek aktarılması, gotik unsur olarak mekânsal özelliklerin verilmesi, olasılıksız ögesinin kullanılması, kişi kadrosu, eserdeki bakış açısı hâkimiyeti, sürrealist özellik olarak rüya motifinin kullanılması, vampir izleği bakımından karşılaştırılması eserden örnek cümleler kanıt gösterilerek verilmiştir. Bütün bu incelemelerin neticesinde oluşturulan varsayımlarla şu sonuçlara varılmıştır: *Vampir mitinin iki kültürde de farklı algılandığı ve eserlere değişik şekillerde yansıtıldığı görülmektedir. *Her iki eserde de mitolojik unsurlar ve vampir kavramı, korku öğesinden uzak, heyecan ve merak uyandıran bir biçimde sunulmuştur. * Çocuk edebiyatında fantastik öğelerin kullanımı, okuma ve değer aktarımında etkili bulunmaktadır. *Vampir ve vampir olgusu ile ilgili tez, makale ve kaynak kitaplar okunurken halk inançlarının etkisi, korku hissiyatı oluştursa da eserlerin karşılaştırma bölümünde bu duygudan uzaklaşılmıştır. Eserler çocuk edebiyatı ve fantastik tür olduğu için korku yerini heyecana ve sempatikliğe bırakmıştır.
In this study, the vampire myth in Turkish and German cultures has been comparatively examined in line with the works of two authors. Since both works have the characteristics of contemporary period literature, the characteristics of the period and the historical development process of children's literature have been taken into account, and it has been revealed that the theme of "vampire" has changed within the scope of fantastic literature characteristics and in the process, and has been given by removing the element of fear. Text-based analysis and pluralistic methods have been used during the examination. Since our works are considered as children's literature in the first section, their development and characteristics in Turkish and German children's literature have been conveyed. Our authors have created their works from a child's perspective and have empathized by addressing events through the eyes of children. In addition, the fields that constitute children's literature, the importance of children's literature, and the characteristics of stories and novels in children's literature have been discussed in detail. Children's subjectivity, business worlds, changing moods, feelings, dreams, fears are taken seriously. For this reason, Sommerbodenburg created his work called "Little Vampire" by taking into account the opinions of his students during his teaching period. Eray, on the other hand, reflected his longing for his childhood from a child's perspective. With the influence of rapidly developing media, the socialization of children and young people has become increasingly important. The work called "Little Vampire" was shot as a serial film and broadcasted on TV channels. It was conveyed to large audiences as a radio play in many countries. It was broadcast on famous TV channels ARD, RTL, SAT 1, Nickelodeon and Kinderkanal. It was released as a feature-length film in Germany and England and won the German Film Award in the category of "Children's and Youth Films". Children's literature has been evaluated in terms of story and novel features, plot, point of view, cast, place and time features. In text comparisons, it is also important which values the works convey. In today's world, where information transfer is fast and diverse, children's literature is a concept that both includes children and grasps literature. In the works examined, concepts such as friendship, respect, helpfulness, and the importance of childhood values established between different beings are emphasized. It is thought that children's works are effective in transferring social values. Especially with the Industrial Revolution, women who entered working life could not find the time to transfer their own experiences, society's acceptance and values to their children, and communication between family members who spend less time together due to the difficulties of working life decreases. This also negatively affects the transfer of values. Here, children's books and the digital sector come into play. Value education is tried to be transferred with books, games and movies. In the second section, the concept and characteristics of fantasy in children's literature are explained. Our works are created using fantasy elements. They include concepts such as mystery, extraordinary, and vampire. Because children activate their imaginations thanks to fantasy literature. Such products play a more educational role on children. In a book full of mythological and historical characters, the bravery, heroism, patriotism, and respect for nature of the heroes are transferred to children as role models. In this way, they contribute to their learning of truth and beauty. Both authors have successfully used fantasy elements to develop children's imagination and teach them to question. In the third section, "What is a vampire?", vampire characteristics, the existence of vampires in Turkish and German cultures, and their historical process are discussed. The concept of vampire is expressed with different concepts in both cultures. However, they also show similarities in terms of the characteristics they carry. Vampires are usually depicted as a charismatic man with long teeth, dark skin, tall, wearing a black cape. However, in the work called "Little Vampire", we come across a child vampire. The characteristics of vampires are given through the child vampire Rüdiger. In the work titled ''Naz and the Vampire in the Mansion'', Count Dracula is treated in a humorous way. He is portrayed as an aristocratic, pleasant and multicultural character, moving away from the scary characteristics given. The concepts of blood, immortality and destroying vampires are also highlighted in the works. Because immortality and being eternal affect the reader. However, the method of destroying vampires is full of pain and suffering. In the fourth section, the lives and literary personalities of two female writers are discussed; an attempt is made to reveal their similarities and differences. Although their birth dates are very close to each other and they live in different parts of the world, our writers who have similar styles are quite adept at reflecting fantastic and surrealist features in their works. They have presented the characteristics of the period and fantastic life magnificently from a child's perspective. In addition, both of them have addressed fantastic elements that show horror characteristics in an unusual way with a humorous style. In the fifth section, the works are examined comparatively. First of all, the differences and similarities in the writers' lives and style characteristics are taken into consideration. These features are conveyed by giving example sentences from the works. A comparison is made in terms of subject. In both works, impossible friendships are established by considering child characters and the adventures experienced in this process are taken into account. The situations that are missed in the process of friendship and transition from childhood to adulthood are given. The elements compared in terms of fantastic elements have also been used; the comparison of fantastic elements such as flying, change of place, physical transformation, disappearance, invisibility, intertemporal travel, real/artificial world comparison has been tried to be proven by giving examples. The values intended to be conveyed in the works other than the fantastic elements, the sympathetic transfer of the vampire element, the giving of spatial features as a gothic element, the use of the improbable element, the cast of characters, the dominance of the point of view in the work, the use of the dream motif as a surrealist feature, the comparison in terms of the vampire theme have been given by showing sample sentences from the work as evidence. The following conclusions have been reached with the assumptions formed as a result of all these examinations: *The vampire myth has been perceived differently in both cultures and reflected differently in the works. *In both works, mythological elements and the concept of the vampire are shown in an exciting and intriguing way, far from the element of fear. * It has been stated that the use of fantastic features in children's literature is effective in reading and transferring values. *Although the influence of folk beliefs creates a sense of fear while reading theses, articles and reference books about vampires and the vampire phenomenon, this feeling has been avoided in the comparison section of the works. Since the works are children's literature and the fantasy genre, fear has given way to excitement and sympathy.
In this study, the vampire myth in Turkish and German cultures has been comparatively examined in line with the works of two authors. Since both works have the characteristics of contemporary period literature, the characteristics of the period and the historical development process of children's literature have been taken into account, and it has been revealed that the theme of "vampire" has changed within the scope of fantastic literature characteristics and in the process, and has been given by removing the element of fear. Text-based analysis and pluralistic methods have been used during the examination. Since our works are considered as children's literature in the first section, their development and characteristics in Turkish and German children's literature have been conveyed. Our authors have created their works from a child's perspective and have empathized by addressing events through the eyes of children. In addition, the fields that constitute children's literature, the importance of children's literature, and the characteristics of stories and novels in children's literature have been discussed in detail. Children's subjectivity, business worlds, changing moods, feelings, dreams, fears are taken seriously. For this reason, Sommerbodenburg created his work called "Little Vampire" by taking into account the opinions of his students during his teaching period. Eray, on the other hand, reflected his longing for his childhood from a child's perspective. With the influence of rapidly developing media, the socialization of children and young people has become increasingly important. The work called "Little Vampire" was shot as a serial film and broadcasted on TV channels. It was conveyed to large audiences as a radio play in many countries. It was broadcast on famous TV channels ARD, RTL, SAT 1, Nickelodeon and Kinderkanal. It was released as a feature-length film in Germany and England and won the German Film Award in the category of "Children's and Youth Films". Children's literature has been evaluated in terms of story and novel features, plot, point of view, cast, place and time features. In text comparisons, it is also important which values the works convey. In today's world, where information transfer is fast and diverse, children's literature is a concept that both includes children and grasps literature. In the works examined, concepts such as friendship, respect, helpfulness, and the importance of childhood values established between different beings are emphasized. It is thought that children's works are effective in transferring social values. Especially with the Industrial Revolution, women who entered working life could not find the time to transfer their own experiences, society's acceptance and values to their children, and communication between family members who spend less time together due to the difficulties of working life decreases. This also negatively affects the transfer of values. Here, children's books and the digital sector come into play. Value education is tried to be transferred with books, games and movies. In the second section, the concept and characteristics of fantasy in children's literature are explained. Our works are created using fantasy elements. They include concepts such as mystery, extraordinary, and vampire. Because children activate their imaginations thanks to fantasy literature. Such products play a more educational role on children. In a book full of mythological and historical characters, the bravery, heroism, patriotism, and respect for nature of the heroes are transferred to children as role models. In this way, they contribute to their learning of truth and beauty. Both authors have successfully used fantasy elements to develop children's imagination and teach them to question. In the third section, "What is a vampire?", vampire characteristics, the existence of vampires in Turkish and German cultures, and their historical process are discussed. The concept of vampire is expressed with different concepts in both cultures. However, they also show similarities in terms of the characteristics they carry. Vampires are usually depicted as a charismatic man with long teeth, dark skin, tall, wearing a black cape. However, in the work called "Little Vampire", we come across a child vampire. The characteristics of vampires are given through the child vampire Rüdiger. In the work titled ''Naz and the Vampire in the Mansion'', Count Dracula is treated in a humorous way. He is portrayed as an aristocratic, pleasant and multicultural character, moving away from the scary characteristics given. The concepts of blood, immortality and destroying vampires are also highlighted in the works. Because immortality and being eternal affect the reader. However, the method of destroying vampires is full of pain and suffering. In the fourth section, the lives and literary personalities of two female writers are discussed; an attempt is made to reveal their similarities and differences. Although their birth dates are very close to each other and they live in different parts of the world, our writers who have similar styles are quite adept at reflecting fantastic and surrealist features in their works. They have presented the characteristics of the period and fantastic life magnificently from a child's perspective. In addition, both of them have addressed fantastic elements that show horror characteristics in an unusual way with a humorous style. In the fifth section, the works are examined comparatively. First of all, the differences and similarities in the writers' lives and style characteristics are taken into consideration. These features are conveyed by giving example sentences from the works. A comparison is made in terms of subject. In both works, impossible friendships are established by considering child characters and the adventures experienced in this process are taken into account. The situations that are missed in the process of friendship and transition from childhood to adulthood are given. The elements compared in terms of fantastic elements have also been used; the comparison of fantastic elements such as flying, change of place, physical transformation, disappearance, invisibility, intertemporal travel, real/artificial world comparison has been tried to be proven by giving examples. The values intended to be conveyed in the works other than the fantastic elements, the sympathetic transfer of the vampire element, the giving of spatial features as a gothic element, the use of the improbable element, the cast of characters, the dominance of the point of view in the work, the use of the dream motif as a surrealist feature, the comparison in terms of the vampire theme have been given by showing sample sentences from the work as evidence. The following conclusions have been reached with the assumptions formed as a result of all these examinations: *The vampire myth has been perceived differently in both cultures and reflected differently in the works. *In both works, mythological elements and the concept of the vampire are shown in an exciting and intriguing way, far from the element of fear. * It has been stated that the use of fantastic features in children's literature is effective in reading and transferring values. *Although the influence of folk beliefs creates a sense of fear while reading theses, articles and reference books about vampires and the vampire phenomenon, this feeling has been avoided in the comparison section of the works. Since the works are children's literature and the fantasy genre, fear has given way to excitement and sympathy.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Çocuk Edebiyatı, Türk, Alman, Fantastik, Nazlı Eray, Angela Sommer-Bodenburg, Children's Literature, Turkish, German, Fantasy
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Vural, S. (2024). Türk ve Alman çocuk edebiyatında vampirler: Angela Sommer-Bodenburg'un "Küçük Vampir" adlı eseri ve Nazlı Eray'ın "Naz ve Köşkteki Vampir" adlı eserin karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
