Bazı Organik Gübrelerin Topraksız Kültür Koşullarında Kalsiyum Stresinde Yetiştirilen aşılı ve aşısız 'Michele Palieri' Üzüm Çeşidi Asmalarının Gelişimine Etkileri
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Tarih
2023
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Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Dünya arazi varlığının yaklaşık üçte biri kireçli topraklardan oluşmaktadır. Tarım topraklarının yüksek kireç içeriği bitkilerde beslenmeyi olumsuz etkileyen en önemli sorunlardandır. Özellikle Konya gibi karasal iklimin hakim olduğu yarı kurak alanlarda yüksek toprak kireci önemli abiyotik stres faktörleri arasındadır. Kireçli topraklara sahip bağ bölgelerinde çiftçiler kireç stresinin etkisini azaltmak amacıyla sentetik kimyasallar kullanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte yoğun tarım faaliyetleri nedeniyle topraklarımızın fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik dengeleri bozulmuştur. Bu amaçla son yıllarda organik gübrelere olan ilgi de artmıştır. Cam serada topraksız kültür ortamında gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada, bazı organik gübrelerin kireç stresinde aşılı ve aşısız 'Michele Palieri' asmalarının vejetatif, fizyolojik, biyokimyasal ve mineral beslenme özellikleri ile yetiştirme ortamının fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, eşit hacimdeki torf ve perlit karışımından oluşturulan yetiştirme ortamlarına %20 oranında çiftlik gübresi ve katı solucan gübresi ayrı ayrı eklendikten sonra homojen bir şekilde karıştırılarak konteynırlara asma fidanları dikilmiştir. Kalsiyum stresine (Ca+ stres ortamı) ait asmalara denemenin iki yılında da dörder defa (her uygulamada 50 mL) 1 N CaCO3 çözeltisi uygulanmıştır. Stres bulunmayan (Ca- ortamı) ortama ise uygulama yapılmamıştır. Sıvı solucan gübresi ise asmalara %1 oranında yapraktan uygulanmış ve 20 gün arayla 4 defa tekrarlanmıştır. Çiftlik gübresi ve katı solucan gübresi denemenin ilk yılında bir defa uygulanırken, sıvı solucan gübresi denemenin ikinci yılında da birinci yılda olduğu şekilde tekrarlanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, kireç stresinin aşılı ve aşısız asmalarda stoma iletkenliğini, klorofil indeksini (SPAD), toplam klorofili (a+b), klorofil a ve b'yi azalttığı; hücre zarı geçirgenliğini (elektrolit sızıntısı) ve malondialdehit miktarını (MDA) artırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu etkilerin denemenin ikinci yılında daha fazla arttığı belirlenmiş ve birikmiş stres ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Ayrıca antioksidan enzimler ve demir şelatlama aktivitesinin de CaCO3 kaynaklı stres ortamlarındaki asmalarda arttığı saptanmıştır. CaCO3 aynı zamanda vejetatif gelişmeyi de olumsuz etkileyerek sürgün uzunluğunu, odunsu sürgün uzunluğunu, sürgün çapını, budama artığı ağırlığını, yaprak yaş ağırlığını, yaprak kuru ağırlığını, yaprak alanını, stoma sayısını, stoma enini, stoma boyunu ve stoma alanını azaltmıştır. Ayrıca kireç kaynaklı stres ortamlarının asmalarda S ve Ca miktarını artırırken diğer makro (inorganik azot, fosfor, potasyum, kalsiyum, magnezyum, kükürt) ve mikro (toplam demir, aktif demir, çinko, mangan, bakır, bor) besin elementlerini azalttığı belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte kalsiyum karbonatın, yetiştirme ortamının solunumunu, pH'sını, EC'sini, suda çözünebilir Ca ve S miktarını artırdığı; inorganik azot ile diğer suda çözünebilir makro (fosfor, potasyum, kalsiyum, magnezyum, kükürt) ve mikro (toplam demir, aktif demir, çinko, mangan, bakır, bor) besin elementlerini azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. Organik gübre uygulamalarının Ca+ ve Ca- ortamlardaki aşılı ve aşısız asmaların sürgün uzunluğunu, odunsu sürgün uzunluğunu, sürgün çapını, budama artığı ağırlığını, yaprak yaş ağırlığını, yaprak kuru ağırlığını, yaprak alanını, stoma sayısını, stoma enini, stoma boyunu ve stoma alanını artırdığı belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte organik gübre uygulamalarının yapraklarda makro (inorganik azot, fosfor, potasyum, kalsiyum, magnezyum, kükürt) ve mikro (toplam demir, aktif demir, çinko, mangan, bakır, bor) besin elementlerini de artırmıştır. Fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal özellikler dikkate alındığında ise organik gübrelerin olumlu etkileri dikkati çekmiştir. Organik gübre uygulamalarının asmalarda stoma iletkenliğini, klorofil indeksini (SPAD), toplam klorofili (a+b), klorofil a ve b'yi artırdığı; hücre zarı geçirgenliğini (elektrolit sızıntısı) ve lipid peroksidaz miktarını (MDA) azalttığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca organik uygulamaların katalaz enzim aktivitesini azaltırken askorbat peroksidaz enzimini, glutatyon redüktaz enzimini ve demir şelatlama aktivitesini artırdığı saptanmıştır. Çalışmada, yetiştirme ortamlarının besin maddesi seviyesiyle asma yapraklarındaki besin maddelerinin birbirine benzer oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Kireç stresindeki asmalarda en etkili uygulamaların katı solucan gübresi, katı+sıvı solucan gübresi ve çiftlik gübresi olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
About one-third of the world's land consists of calcareous soils. The high lime content of agricultural soils is one of the most important problems that negatively affect plant nutrition. High soil lime is among the important abiotic stress factors, especially in semi-arid areas, such as Konya, where the continental climate is dominant. In vineyard areas with calcareous soils, farmers use synthetic chemicals to reduce the impact of lime stress. However, due to intensive agricultural activities, the physical, chemical and biological balances of our soils have been disturbed. For this purpose, interest in organic fertilizers has increased in recent years. In this study carried out in a soilless culture medium in a glass greenhouse; the effects of some organic fertilizers on the vegetative, physiological, biochemical and mineral nutrition properties of grafted and ungrafted 'Michele Palieri' vines under lime stress and on the physical and chemical properties of the growing medium were investigated. For this purpose, 20% of farm manure and solid vermicompost were added separately to the growing media formed from an equal volume of peat and perlite mixture, and then vine saplings were planted in the containers by mixing them homogeneously. 1 N CaCO3 solution was applied four times (50 mL in each application) in both years of the experiment to the vines belonging to calcium stress (Ca+ stress medium). No application was made to the medium without stress (Ca- medium). Liquid vermicompost was applied to the vines at the rate of 1% from the leaves and was repeated 4 times with an interval of 20 days. Farm manure and solid vermicompost were applied once in the first year of the experiment, while liquid vermicompost was repeated in the second year of the experiment as in the first year. According to the findings, it was determined that lime stress decreased stomatal conductivity, chlorophyll index (SPAD), total chlorophyll (a+b), chlorophyll a and b, and increased cell membrane permeability (electrolyte leakage) and lipid peroxidase amount (MDA) in grapevines. It was determined that these effects increased more in the second year of the trial and were associated with accumulated stress. In addition, it was determined that antioxidant enzymes and iron chelating activity were increased in vines in CaCO3-induced stress media. CaCO3 also negatively affected vegetative development, reducing shoot length, woody shoot length, shoot diameter, pruning residue weight, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, leaf area, number of stomata, stoma width, stomatal length and stomatal area. In addition, it was determined that lime-induced stress media increased the amount of S and Ca in the vines, while reducing other macro (inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur) and micro (total iron, active iron, zinc, manganese, copper, boron) nutrients. However, calcium carbonate increases the respiration, pH, EC, water-soluble Ca and S amount of the growing medium; It has been determined that it reduces inorganic nitrogen and other water-soluble macro (phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur) and micro (total iron, active iron, zinc, manganese, copper, boron) nutrients. Organic fertilizer applications increased shoot length, woody shoot length, shoot diameter, pruning residue weight, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, leaf area, number of stomata, stoma width, stomatal length and stomatal area of vines in Ca+ and Ca- mediums. However, organic fertilizer applications also increased macro (inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur) and micro (total iron, active iron, zinc, manganese, copper, boron) nutrients in leaves. Considering the physiological and biochemical properties, the positive effects of organic fertilizers were remarkable. Organic fertilizer applications increased stomatal conductivity, chlorophyll index (SPAD), total chlorophyll (a+b), chlorophyll a and b, and decreased cell membrane permeability (electrolyte leakage) and lipid peroxidase amount (MDA) in grapevines. In addition, it was determined that organic applications decreased catalase enzyme activity, while increasing ascorbate peroxidase enzyme, glutathione reductase enzyme and iron chelating activity. Nutrient level of the growing media and the nutrients in the grape leaves resemble to each other. It has been concluded that the most effective application in lime stressed vines is solid vermicompost, solid+liquid vermicompost and farm manure applications.
About one-third of the world's land consists of calcareous soils. The high lime content of agricultural soils is one of the most important problems that negatively affect plant nutrition. High soil lime is among the important abiotic stress factors, especially in semi-arid areas, such as Konya, where the continental climate is dominant. In vineyard areas with calcareous soils, farmers use synthetic chemicals to reduce the impact of lime stress. However, due to intensive agricultural activities, the physical, chemical and biological balances of our soils have been disturbed. For this purpose, interest in organic fertilizers has increased in recent years. In this study carried out in a soilless culture medium in a glass greenhouse; the effects of some organic fertilizers on the vegetative, physiological, biochemical and mineral nutrition properties of grafted and ungrafted 'Michele Palieri' vines under lime stress and on the physical and chemical properties of the growing medium were investigated. For this purpose, 20% of farm manure and solid vermicompost were added separately to the growing media formed from an equal volume of peat and perlite mixture, and then vine saplings were planted in the containers by mixing them homogeneously. 1 N CaCO3 solution was applied four times (50 mL in each application) in both years of the experiment to the vines belonging to calcium stress (Ca+ stress medium). No application was made to the medium without stress (Ca- medium). Liquid vermicompost was applied to the vines at the rate of 1% from the leaves and was repeated 4 times with an interval of 20 days. Farm manure and solid vermicompost were applied once in the first year of the experiment, while liquid vermicompost was repeated in the second year of the experiment as in the first year. According to the findings, it was determined that lime stress decreased stomatal conductivity, chlorophyll index (SPAD), total chlorophyll (a+b), chlorophyll a and b, and increased cell membrane permeability (electrolyte leakage) and lipid peroxidase amount (MDA) in grapevines. It was determined that these effects increased more in the second year of the trial and were associated with accumulated stress. In addition, it was determined that antioxidant enzymes and iron chelating activity were increased in vines in CaCO3-induced stress media. CaCO3 also negatively affected vegetative development, reducing shoot length, woody shoot length, shoot diameter, pruning residue weight, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, leaf area, number of stomata, stoma width, stomatal length and stomatal area. In addition, it was determined that lime-induced stress media increased the amount of S and Ca in the vines, while reducing other macro (inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur) and micro (total iron, active iron, zinc, manganese, copper, boron) nutrients. However, calcium carbonate increases the respiration, pH, EC, water-soluble Ca and S amount of the growing medium; It has been determined that it reduces inorganic nitrogen and other water-soluble macro (phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur) and micro (total iron, active iron, zinc, manganese, copper, boron) nutrients. Organic fertilizer applications increased shoot length, woody shoot length, shoot diameter, pruning residue weight, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, leaf area, number of stomata, stoma width, stomatal length and stomatal area of vines in Ca+ and Ca- mediums. However, organic fertilizer applications also increased macro (inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur) and micro (total iron, active iron, zinc, manganese, copper, boron) nutrients in leaves. Considering the physiological and biochemical properties, the positive effects of organic fertilizers were remarkable. Organic fertilizer applications increased stomatal conductivity, chlorophyll index (SPAD), total chlorophyll (a+b), chlorophyll a and b, and decreased cell membrane permeability (electrolyte leakage) and lipid peroxidase amount (MDA) in grapevines. In addition, it was determined that organic applications decreased catalase enzyme activity, while increasing ascorbate peroxidase enzyme, glutathione reductase enzyme and iron chelating activity. Nutrient level of the growing media and the nutrients in the grape leaves resemble to each other. It has been concluded that the most effective application in lime stressed vines is solid vermicompost, solid+liquid vermicompost and farm manure applications.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Asma Fizyolojisi, Besin Elementleri, Kireç Stresi, Organik Gübre, Organik Tarım, Sürdürülebilir Tarım, Topraksız Tarım, Vitis Vinifera L., Grapevine Physiology, Lime Stress, Nutrients, Organic Fertilizer, Organic Agriculture, Soilless Agriculture, Sustainable Agriculture
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Gayretli, Y., (2023). Bazı Organik Gübrelerin Topraksız Kültür Koşullarında Kalsiyum Stresinde Yetiştirilen aşılı ve aşısız 'Michele Palieri' Üzüm Çeşidi Asmalarının Gelişimine Etkileri. (Doktora Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
