Orta Asya ve Kazakistan Müslümanları Diniye Nezareti (1943-1990)
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Türkistan coğrafyasında İslam dininin yayılmasından sonra bu topraklar
İslam dünyasının büyük bir manevi ve kültürel merkezlerinden biri haline gelmiştir.
Bu topraktan Maturidi gibi kelamcılar, Farabi gibi filozoflar, Muhammed el-Buhari
ve Tirmizi gibi hadis bilginleri çıkmıştır. Bu bölgede Ahmet Yesevi gibi ünlü
tasavvuf şeyhleri de yaşamıştır. Yeseviye tarikatı gibi birkaç tarikat bölge tarihinde
önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Yani bölgeye özgü bir Sufî ve İslam geleneği oluşmuştur.
Orta Asya ve Kazakistan’nın Çarlık Rusyası tarafından işgal edilmesinden
sonra bu bölgede dini ve siyasi durum değişmiştir. Çarlık Rusyası, Orta Asya ve
Kazakistan Müslümanlarını kontrol etmeye ve Müslüman din adamlarını kullanmaya
çalışmış, bölgenin dini hayatına müdahale etmiştir. 1917'de Rusya'da gerçekleşen iki
ihtilal ise Türkistan coğrafyasındaki Müslüman halklara büyük umut vermiştir.
Bolşevikler iktidara geldiklerinde Müslümanlara din özgürlüğünü, kültür ve
geleneklerinin korunacağını garanti etmişlerdir. Bunun sonucunda Sovyetler
Birliği'nin ilk yıllarında Müslümanların durumu o kadar da kötü olmamıştır. Ancak
Sovyetler kısa süre sonra Müslüman halklara verdikleri sözleri unutmuştur.
Komünist ideolojiye uygun olarak tüm dinlere karşı büyük bir saldırı
gerçekleştirilmiş, devlette ateist ideoloji hâkim olmuştur. İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında ise Sovyetler inananlara ve dini kuruluşlara karşı yumuşak davranmış, siyasi sebeplerden dolayı Bolşeviklerin dini politikası değişmiştir. Savaş yıllarında Orta Asya ve Kazakistan Müslümanları Diniye Nezareti
dahil olmak üzere Sovyet Müslümanlarına ait dini idareler kurulmuştur. Sovyet
hükümeti, Orta Asya ve Kazakistan Müslümanlarının Diniye Nezareti’ni adı geçen
bölge Müslümanlarının dini hayatını kontrol etmek ve dış politikada kullanmak için
kurmuştur. Diniye Nezareti kendinin yaklaşık kırk beş yıllık tarihinde Sovyet siyasi
sistemine sadakatle hizmet etmiştir. Onun tüm karar ve fetvaları siyasi otoritelerin
talimat ve emriyle verilmiştir.Ancak Sovyetlerin Türkistan Müslümanlarının dini hayatını kontrol etmesi
kolay bir iş olmamıştır. İlk yıllarda bölgedeki Müslümanlar ve din adamları Diniye
Nezareti’ne boyun eğme konusunda isteksizdi. Diniye Nezareti’ne bağlı kayıtlı imam
ve cami sayısının azlığı nedeniyle bölgede hep çok sayıda kayıtsız imam ve dini
kuruluş bulunmuştur. Devletin kayıtsız imamlarla mücadele etmesi ise kolay
olmamıştır. Yeni bir toplum inşa etmek isteyen Sovyetlerin önünde yerel
Müslümanların dini gelenekleri de büyük bir engel haline gelmiştir. Sonuçta yerel
Müslüman halkların din ve dini gelenekleri zarar görse de Sovyetler bu gelenekleri
yok etmekte başarısız olmuşlardır.
After the spread of the religion of Islam in the geography of Turkistan, these lands have become one of the major spiritual and cultural centers of the Islamic world. Theologians such as Maturidi, philosophers such as Al-Farabi, and hadith scholars such as Muhammed el-Bukhari and Tirmidhi emerged from this soil. Famous Sufi sheikhs such as Ahmad Yasawi also lived in this region. Several sects, such as the Yasawi Order, played an important role in the history of the region. In other words, a Sufi and Islamic tradition specific to the region has been formed. After the occupation of Central Asia by Tsarist Russia, the religious and political situation in this region has changed. Tsarist Russia tried to control the Central Asian and Kazakhstan Muslims and use Muslim clergy. Russia also interfered with the religious life of the region. Two revolutions that took place in Russia in 1917 gave great hope to the Muslim peoples in Turkistan. When the Bolsheviks came to power, they guaranteed Muslims’ freedom of religion, the preservation of their culture and traditions. As a result, the situation of Muslims in the early years of the Soviet Union was not so bad. However, the Soviets soon reneged their promises to the Muslim peoples. In accordance with the communist ideology, a great attack was carried out against all religions, and atheist ideology prevailed in the Soviet state. During the Second World War, the Soviets behaved softly towards believers and religious organizations, and the religious policy of the Bolsheviks changed due to political reasons. During the war years, religious administrations belonging to Soviet Muslims, including the Ministry of Religion of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, were established. The Soviet government established the Religious Ministry of Central Asian and Kazakhstan Muslims to control the religious life of Central Asian and Kazakhstan Muslims and use them in foreign policy. The Ministry of Religion has faithfully served the Soviet political system in its nearly forty-fiveyear history. All decisions and fatwas of Ministry were given by the instructions and orders of the political authorities. However, it was not an easy task for the Soviets to control the religious life of Turkistan Muslims. In the early years, both Muslims and Muslim clergy in the region were reluctant to submit to the Ministry of Religion. Due to the low number of registered imams and mosques under the Ministry of Religion, there have always been many unregistered imams and religious organizations in the region. It was not easy for the state to struggle with unregistered imams. Religious traditions of local Muslims also became a major obstacle to the Soviets who wanted to build a new society. As a result, although the religion and religious traditions of local Muslim peoples were damaged, the Soviets failed to destroy them.
After the spread of the religion of Islam in the geography of Turkistan, these lands have become one of the major spiritual and cultural centers of the Islamic world. Theologians such as Maturidi, philosophers such as Al-Farabi, and hadith scholars such as Muhammed el-Bukhari and Tirmidhi emerged from this soil. Famous Sufi sheikhs such as Ahmad Yasawi also lived in this region. Several sects, such as the Yasawi Order, played an important role in the history of the region. In other words, a Sufi and Islamic tradition specific to the region has been formed. After the occupation of Central Asia by Tsarist Russia, the religious and political situation in this region has changed. Tsarist Russia tried to control the Central Asian and Kazakhstan Muslims and use Muslim clergy. Russia also interfered with the religious life of the region. Two revolutions that took place in Russia in 1917 gave great hope to the Muslim peoples in Turkistan. When the Bolsheviks came to power, they guaranteed Muslims’ freedom of religion, the preservation of their culture and traditions. As a result, the situation of Muslims in the early years of the Soviet Union was not so bad. However, the Soviets soon reneged their promises to the Muslim peoples. In accordance with the communist ideology, a great attack was carried out against all religions, and atheist ideology prevailed in the Soviet state. During the Second World War, the Soviets behaved softly towards believers and religious organizations, and the religious policy of the Bolsheviks changed due to political reasons. During the war years, religious administrations belonging to Soviet Muslims, including the Ministry of Religion of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, were established. The Soviet government established the Religious Ministry of Central Asian and Kazakhstan Muslims to control the religious life of Central Asian and Kazakhstan Muslims and use them in foreign policy. The Ministry of Religion has faithfully served the Soviet political system in its nearly forty-fiveyear history. All decisions and fatwas of Ministry were given by the instructions and orders of the political authorities. However, it was not an easy task for the Soviets to control the religious life of Turkistan Muslims. In the early years, both Muslims and Muslim clergy in the region were reluctant to submit to the Ministry of Religion. Due to the low number of registered imams and mosques under the Ministry of Religion, there have always been many unregistered imams and religious organizations in the region. It was not easy for the state to struggle with unregistered imams. Religious traditions of local Muslims also became a major obstacle to the Soviets who wanted to build a new society. As a result, although the religion and religious traditions of local Muslim peoples were damaged, the Soviets failed to destroy them.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sovyetler Birliği, Türkistan, Orta Asya ve Kazakistan, Müslümanlar, İslam, Soviet Union, Turkistan, Central Asia and Kazakhstan, Muslims, Islam
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Zholdassuly, T., (2021). Orta Asya ve Kazakistan Müslümanları Diniye Nezareti (1943-1990) . (Doktora Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
