Tanzimat'tan Cumhuriyet'e Mefruşat-ı Hümayun idaresi
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2015-01-16
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Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
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Abstract
Büyük bir devlet olan Osmanlı Devleti, gücünün bir göstergesi olarak, patronaj kaygısıyla, devletin en tepesinde bulunan padişahın yaşam ve yönetim konutu olan sarayının tefriş edilmesi ile ilgili bizzat kendine özgü sistemler geliştirmiştir. Klasik Osmanlı döneminde, temel olarak, Ehl-i Hıref-i Hassa (saray sanatkârları) ve Hayyatin-i Hassa (saray terzileri) teşkilatlarına verilen görevler üzerinden Topkapı Sarayının tefrişi sağlanıyordu. Tefriş işlerinin mali kaynağı ise Enderun ve Birun Hazineleriydi. 18. yüzyılın sonlarına gelindiğinde saray sanatkârları ve saray terzileri teşkilatları işlevsiz kalarak kaldırılmış, hazineler de bir değişim evresine girmiştir. 19. yüzyılın ilk yarısı Osmanlı saraylarının gerek tefrişinde gerekse tefrişatının mali kaynaklarında önemli değişimlerin yaşandığı bir dönemdir. Söz konusu dönemde sarayın tefrişatını ve bunda kullanılacak ödeneği Darphane Nezareti içerisindeki Ceyb-i Hümayun sağlıyordu. Ancak, Osmanlı sarayının, 18. yüzyılın sonundan 19. yüzyılın ilk yarısına kadar geçen sürede kurumsal bir zeminden yoksun kalan mefruşat sistemi, bu çalışmanın esas zeminini teşkil etmemiştir. Bununla birlikte bu dönem, sarayın mefruşat sistemi üzerine eskisi gibi bir kurumsallaşmaya gidilmesi gerektiğini gösteren olaylarla doludur. Örneğin yeni sarayların çok geniş bir alana yayılarak inşa edilmeleri, Avrupai tarzda ve eskisinden daha büyük masraflarla tefrişi, hanedan mensuplarının bağımsız kasır ve köşklerde yaşamaya başlaması, israfa kaçacak derecede kontrolsüz, bütçe harici masraflar yapmaları… Bütün bu gelişmeler saray mefruşatı için de bir sistemin oluşturulması gerektiği gerçeğini güçlendirmiştir. Önce Ceyb-i Hümayun tekâmül ederek Hazine-i Hassaya dönüşmüş, 1860'lardan itibaren de bir Mefruşat-ı Hümayun Müdürü Hazine-i Hassa içerisinde yer almaya başlamıştır. Zamanla müdürün çevresinde ona işlerinde yardımcı olacak elemanlar çoğalmıştır. 1879'da kurumun Avrupa tarzı kanunlaştırma hareketlerinden nasiplendiğini gösteren ve o zamana kadarki uygulamasını tarif eden bir layiha yayımlanmıştır. Ancak Mefruşat-ı Hümayun İdaresinin hukuki olarak tezahürü 1880'de olmuştur. Artık Mefruşat İdaresi tam olarak tesis edilmiş ve II. Abdülhamid'in tahtta kaldığı süre boyunca da sistemli bir şekilde sarayları tefriş etmiştir. II. Meşrutiyetin ilanı ve II. Abdülhamid'in tahttan indirilmesiyle, Mefruşat İdaresi küçülmüştür. Bu dönemde mefruşat müdürü 1887'de atanan ve 1917'de, ölümüne kadar da bu görevi sürdüren Hacı Mehmed Akif Bey'dir. Mefruşat İdaresinin her ne kadar görev yaptığı mekânlar daraltılmış ise de, teknolojik gelişmelere ve verilen ekstra görevlere paralel olarak görev alanı giderek genişlemiştir. Bu bağlamda bazı saray personeli için elbise, ayakkabı tedarikine, elektrik ve telefon işlerine bakmaya başlamıştır. Yönetim merkezi İstanbul'dan Ankara'ya geçince, önce saltanat kaldırılmış; böylece Mefruşat İdaresi, halifenin mefruşat işlerine bakar olmuş; halifeliğin kaldırılmasıyla da ilga edilerek personeli ya emekli edilmiş ya da başka birimlerde görevlendirilmiştir. Bugün sarayların bir kısmı TBMM Millî Saraylar Daire Başkanlığının, diğer kısmı ise Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığının bünyesinde yer almaktadır.
The Ottoman State was a great state. As an indication of its power, it developed its own unique systems to furnish the palace, which was the living and administrative residence of the sultan, who was at the head of the state. During the Classical Ottoman Period, the furnishing of the Topkapi Palace was implemented through assignments given to Ehl-i Hıref-i Hassa (royal artists) and Hayyâtîn-i Hassa (royal tailors). The financial expenses of these furnishing businesses were paid by Enderun Treasury and Birun Treasury. By the end of the 18th century, the aforementioned organizations had been removed as they had become dysfunctional and Treasuries had entered a period of transformation. The first half of the 19th century was period when significant changes occurred in both the furnishing of the Ottoman palaces and in the financial sources of furnishing. In the said period, the furnishing of the palace and obtainment of the fund to be used to this end was provided by Ceyb-i Hümayun (Social Help Expenses of the Ottoman Empire) within the Ministry of Royal Mint. However, the furnishing system of the Ottoman palace, which was left without an institutional bases from the late 18th century to the early 19th century, did not constitute the essential ground for this study. Yet, this period was full of events such as construction of new palaces on very large grounds, their being furnished in European style and larger expenses than in the past, members of the dynasty beginning to live in independent summer palaces and mansions, and their making extortionate expenses outside the budget, all of which indicated that an organizations like the one in the past needed to be implemented regarding the furnishing of the palace. All these developments reinforced the fact that a system had to be constituted for furnishing the palace. First, Ceyb-i Hümayun evolved into Hazine-i Hassaya (Ministry of Finance) and from the 1860s on, a Director of Mefruşat-ı Hümayun began to work within the scope of Hazine-i Hassa. In time, the number of staff members around the director who would aid him in his affairs increased. In 1879, a report was published indicating that the institution in question had its own share of European style legalization and describing its practices until then. However, the legal emergence of Mefruşat-ı Hümayun İdaresi (Administration for Royal Furnishings) took place in 1880. In that year, The Furnishing Administration was fully established and furnished palaces systematically during the time when Abdulhamid II was in power. With proclamation of 2nd Constitutional Era and the Dethronement of Abdulhamid II, the Furnishings Administration shrank in size. The director of furnishings in this period was Hacı Mehmed Akif Bey, who was appointed in 1887 and remained in this post until his death in 1917. Although the locations where the Administration of Furnishings operated were narrowed in size, it was combined with the Administration of Debboy on the one hand and its area of work was expanded on the other. In this context, we see that it dealt with affairs such as clothing, electricity and telephone. When the center of administration was moved from Istanbul to Ankara, first the sultanate was abolished and thus Administration of Furnishings began to take care of the furnishings of caliphate, and once again when the caliphate was removed, it was totally abolished, its personnel being either forced to retire or transferred to other units. Today, some of the palaces are included within the Directorate of National Palaces of the TGNA (Turkish Grand National Assembly) while others are affiliated to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
The Ottoman State was a great state. As an indication of its power, it developed its own unique systems to furnish the palace, which was the living and administrative residence of the sultan, who was at the head of the state. During the Classical Ottoman Period, the furnishing of the Topkapi Palace was implemented through assignments given to Ehl-i Hıref-i Hassa (royal artists) and Hayyâtîn-i Hassa (royal tailors). The financial expenses of these furnishing businesses were paid by Enderun Treasury and Birun Treasury. By the end of the 18th century, the aforementioned organizations had been removed as they had become dysfunctional and Treasuries had entered a period of transformation. The first half of the 19th century was period when significant changes occurred in both the furnishing of the Ottoman palaces and in the financial sources of furnishing. In the said period, the furnishing of the palace and obtainment of the fund to be used to this end was provided by Ceyb-i Hümayun (Social Help Expenses of the Ottoman Empire) within the Ministry of Royal Mint. However, the furnishing system of the Ottoman palace, which was left without an institutional bases from the late 18th century to the early 19th century, did not constitute the essential ground for this study. Yet, this period was full of events such as construction of new palaces on very large grounds, their being furnished in European style and larger expenses than in the past, members of the dynasty beginning to live in independent summer palaces and mansions, and their making extortionate expenses outside the budget, all of which indicated that an organizations like the one in the past needed to be implemented regarding the furnishing of the palace. All these developments reinforced the fact that a system had to be constituted for furnishing the palace. First, Ceyb-i Hümayun evolved into Hazine-i Hassaya (Ministry of Finance) and from the 1860s on, a Director of Mefruşat-ı Hümayun began to work within the scope of Hazine-i Hassa. In time, the number of staff members around the director who would aid him in his affairs increased. In 1879, a report was published indicating that the institution in question had its own share of European style legalization and describing its practices until then. However, the legal emergence of Mefruşat-ı Hümayun İdaresi (Administration for Royal Furnishings) took place in 1880. In that year, The Furnishing Administration was fully established and furnished palaces systematically during the time when Abdulhamid II was in power. With proclamation of 2nd Constitutional Era and the Dethronement of Abdulhamid II, the Furnishings Administration shrank in size. The director of furnishings in this period was Hacı Mehmed Akif Bey, who was appointed in 1887 and remained in this post until his death in 1917. Although the locations where the Administration of Furnishings operated were narrowed in size, it was combined with the Administration of Debboy on the one hand and its area of work was expanded on the other. In this context, we see that it dealt with affairs such as clothing, electricity and telephone. When the center of administration was moved from Istanbul to Ankara, first the sultanate was abolished and thus Administration of Furnishings began to take care of the furnishings of caliphate, and once again when the caliphate was removed, it was totally abolished, its personnel being either forced to retire or transferred to other units. Today, some of the palaces are included within the Directorate of National Palaces of the TGNA (Turkish Grand National Assembly) while others are affiliated to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
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Osmanlı Devleti, Ottoman State, Saray teşkilatı, Court organization
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Çavdar, D. (2015). Tanzimat'tan Cumhuriyet'e Mefruşat-ı Hümayun idaresi. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Yayımlanmış doktora tezi, Konya.
