Türkiyede Vatandaşlık ve Anayasal Süreç
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2014
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Access Rights
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Abstract
Mevcut anayasa da (1982) dahil olmak üzere Türkiye’de inşa edilen anayasalar ciddi sosyolojik, siyasal ve hukuksal problemlere sahiptir. Anayasalar genellikle askeri müdahalelerin akabinde vücuda getirilmiştir. Dolayısıyla demokratik değerlerlerin karşısında konumlandırılacak bir mahiyet arz etmektedir. Bilindiği üzere, Cumhuriyeti kuran siyasi iradede, Osmanlı yönetim yapısının tebaaya yönetici karşısında edilgen bir konum biçtiği ve bu durumun aşılması gerektiği düşüncesi hakimdi. Bu amaçla tebaa yerine vatandaş kavramı ön plana çıkarıldı. Yapılan analizlerde edilgen tebaanın yerine ikame edilmeye çalışılan etkin vatandaş profilinin aslında pek de inşa edilmediği görülmektedir. Egemenlik ilişkisinin Osmanlı’nın aksine Cumhuriyet tarihinde demokratik bir temele oturduğunu söylemek zordur. Osmanlı’da yöneten-tebaa ilişkisi Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi’nde devlet anayasası-vatandaş biçimine evirilmiştir. Anayasaların tanımladığı vatandaş, belli bir kesimi temsil etmekten öteye geçememiştir. Ancak son dönemlerde küresel konjonktürün de etkisiyle hem devlet kanadında hem de halk içerisinde insan haklarına dayalı sosyal mutabakatın yani yeni bir anayasanın inşası yönünde olumlu bir irade hakim. Bu makale, Türkiye’deki demokrasi ve insan hakları konusunda yaşanan ve gelinen süreci de göz önünde bulundurarak anayasa ve vatandaşlığa dair bir değerlendirme niteliğini taşımaktadır.
All Constitutions written in Turkey have had some serious sociological, p olitical and j udicial p roblems including the last one drawn up in 1982. Constitutions in Turkey have generally been established f ollowing military coups and theref ore have some f eatures that can be p ositioned against democratic values. As known, the p olitical p ower which f ounded the Turkish Rep ublic was strongly against the idea of commoners being p assive subj ects of the Ottoman rulers. Furthermore, they firmly believed that this situation had to be transcended. To this end, instead of a subj ect the concep t of citizenship was endorsed. However, up on analysis, it is observed that trying to substitute an active citizen profile instead of a passive one could not quite be accomp lished. In contrast to the Ottomans, in the history of the Turkish Republic, it is difficult to affirm the notion that sovereignty was based on democracy. The relationship between rulers and subj ects evolved to f orm the basis of the constitution and citizenship in the Rep ublic of Turkey. The citizen, who was defined by constitutions, has not been able to go beyond representing a certain group. In recent years, however, with the influence of the global conj uncture, both at the state level and in the p ublic sp here, there is a consensus to construct a social deal, i.e. a new constitution embracing human rights. This article, aims to assess the constitution and citizenship taking into consideration some develop ments regarding democracy and human rights in Turkey.
All Constitutions written in Turkey have had some serious sociological, p olitical and j udicial p roblems including the last one drawn up in 1982. Constitutions in Turkey have generally been established f ollowing military coups and theref ore have some f eatures that can be p ositioned against democratic values. As known, the p olitical p ower which f ounded the Turkish Rep ublic was strongly against the idea of commoners being p assive subj ects of the Ottoman rulers. Furthermore, they firmly believed that this situation had to be transcended. To this end, instead of a subj ect the concep t of citizenship was endorsed. However, up on analysis, it is observed that trying to substitute an active citizen profile instead of a passive one could not quite be accomp lished. In contrast to the Ottomans, in the history of the Turkish Republic, it is difficult to affirm the notion that sovereignty was based on democracy. The relationship between rulers and subj ects evolved to f orm the basis of the constitution and citizenship in the Rep ublic of Turkey. The citizen, who was defined by constitutions, has not been able to go beyond representing a certain group. In recent years, however, with the influence of the global conj uncture, both at the state level and in the p ublic sp here, there is a consensus to construct a social deal, i.e. a new constitution embracing human rights. This article, aims to assess the constitution and citizenship taking into consideration some develop ments regarding democracy and human rights in Turkey.
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Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi
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Volume
9
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1
