Bir din olarak Taoizm
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2006
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Taoizm, Konfüçyanizm'le beraber Çin millû dinlerinden birisidir. Temelleri Lao Tzu, Chuang Tzu ve Lieh Tzu gibi filozofların önderliğini yaptığı Felsefû Taoizm'e dayanır. MÖ 6. yüzyılda oluşmaya başlayan Felsefû Taoizm, zamanla sihir ve büyü geleneği, ölümsüzlük ve efsanevi Sarı mparator (Huang-ti) inancı gibi Çin'in kadûm gelenekleriyle bütünleşerek dinû yapıya dönüşmeye başlamıştır. Aynı süreç içerisinde Lao Tzu kutsallaştırılmış ve Tanrı konumuna yükseltilmiştir. Ancak MS 2. yüzyıla gelinceye kadar herhangi bir Taoist dinû oluşuma rastlanmamaktadır. Dinsel Taoizm'in MS 142 yılında Chang Tao Ling adında bir sağlıkçının Tanrı Lao Tzu'dan vahiy aldığını bildirmesiyle başladığı düşünülmektedir. Chang'ın kurduğu mezhep Göksel Ustalar Yolu (Tinsieh tao) ismini almış ve Taoizm tarihi boyunca etkisini gösteren en önemli dinû akım olmuştur. Taoizm, tarihi süreç içerisinde özünde bulunmayan bir çok anlayışı içselleştirmiştir. Taoist felsefede Tanrı, vahiy, kutsal kitap, ahiret, cennet, cehennem gibi öğretiler bulunmazken, Taoizm zamanla bu anlayışları kabul etmiştir. Bu noktada Taoizm'e Budizm'in büyük etkisi olmuştur. Çin topraklarına MS 1. yüzyılda giren Budizm'le başından itibaren rekabet halinde olan Taoizm bu dinden bir çok şey almıştır. Bugün Taoizm; milyonlarca Tanrıya, bir çok mezhebe ve çok sayıda kutsal metne sahip; manastır tapınak gibi kutsal yapıları, din adamları ve özel ibadetleri olan bir dindir. Taoizm, tarihi boyunca zaman zaman devlet desteğini almış, zaman zaman da özellikle Budizm'i destekleyen imparatorlar tarafından baskılara ve zulümlere maruz kılınmıştır. Bu zulümlerin en büyüğü hiç şüphesiz 1911-1980 yılları arasında komünistler tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu dönemde bir çok tapınak yıkılmış, yakılmış veya kışlalara çevrilmiş, dinû figürler yok edilmiştir. Taoist rahipler işkencelere uğratılmış ağır işlerde çalıştırılmıştır. Ancak 1980 yılından itibaren Çin hükümetinin dinû inançlara karşı takındığı özgürlükçü yaklaşım sonucu Taoizm yaralarını sarmaya ve geleneksel öğretilerini genç nesillere kazandırmaya başlamıştır. Taoizm'i diğer dinlerden ayıran en büyük özelliği ölümsüzlüğe ulaşmak veya hayatı uzatmak için harcadığı çabadır. Çin tarihinde çok eskilere kadar uzanan ölümsüzlük inancı, Taoizm'in en büyük amacıdır. Taoizm, hayatı uzatmak için sihir ve büyü başta olmak üzere akıl almaz yöntemleri geliştirerek hurafelerle dolu bir din haline gelmiştir. Bugün batıl inançlara gömülmüş, sihirbazların ve büyücülerin tekeline kalmış bir din olarak kabul edilen Taoizm, giderek yok olmaktadır. Buna rağmen Taoizm'in felsefû yanı insanların ilgisini çekmeye devam etmektedir. Özellikle ruhsal sıkıntılar yaşayan batı insanı Tao Te Ching gibi Felsefû Taoizm'in temel eserlerine yönelmektedir. Ayrıca yoga, meditasyon akupunktur, bitkisel tedaviler gibi Taoizm'in gelişmesine ön ayak olduğu yöntemler dinsel kimliklerinden sıyrılarak ruhsal ve fiziksel sağlık yöntemleri olarak bütün dünyada yaygınlaşmaktadır. Dolayısıyla Taoizm dinû alanda olmasa da hayata farklı bakan yapısıyla insanlara hitap etmeye devam etmektedir.
Taoism is one of the Chinese national religion with Confucianism. Its roots go to Philosophical Taoism which had been leaded by Lao Tzu, Chuang Tzu and Lieh Tzu. Taoism which has come to scene in 6 th century BC, in the course of time, it has transformed into a religious form by getting into a melting with ancient Chinese traditions such as magic and incantation custom, immortality and Yellow Emperor( Huang-ti) belief. At the same process, Lao Tzu has been sanctified and given divinity. However, any Taoist religious formation cannot be seen up to 2 nd century. Religious Taoism is regarded to established by that a healer, so called Chang Tao Ling, revealed that he had received revelation from the God Lao Tzu. The sect established Chang has called Heavenly Masters (Tinsieh Tao) and become the most effective religious doctrine throughout the history of Taoism. Taoism has internalised a lot of principles which actually hadn?t been in its essence. Although Taoist Phylosophy hadn?t included some principles such as god, revelation, holy book, come to life, paradise and hell, Taoism has admitted those in the length of time. In that context, Taoism has been mostly effected by Budism. Taoism has got lots of things from Budism with which it has been in a competition after that Budism had entered the Chinese territory in 1 st century AC. Today, Taoism is a religion having millions of gods, lots of sects and scriptures, holy buldings such as monastry and temple, ecclesiastics and special worships. Throughout its history, Taoism sometimes has got the support of the state, and sometimes has been subjected to persecutions by the emperors supporting Budism. The most severe one of those, without ant doupt, has been put the scene by communists in the years between 1911 and 1980. At this period, lots of temples have been demolished, burned and transformed to barracks, and religious figures have been destroyed. Taoist priests have been subjected to atrocity and enforced to work under worse conditions. However, Taoism got the chance to heal its wounds and teach its doctrines to posterity thanks to Chinese government which showed much tolerance to religious beliefs. The most important characteristic of Taoism making it obviously different than the others is that it seek immortality and to make the life longer. The belief of immortality is the first aim. Taoism has become a religion which is preoccupied with superstitions because of struggle to make life longer and means such as magic and incantation. Today, Taoism is continuously vanishing because it is preoccupied by vulgar supersitition and it is totally controlled by magician. However, the phylosophical side of Taoism still attracts people. People of western world who has spiritual problems orient to classics of Phylosophical Taoism such as Tao Te Ching. The methods such as meditation, acupuncture, herbal threatment, which helped to development of Taoism, have escaped the religious identity and spread out all of the world as methods of mental and physical health care. Hence, Taoism still reach people by its different point of wiev, even if not by religious ways.
Taoism is one of the Chinese national religion with Confucianism. Its roots go to Philosophical Taoism which had been leaded by Lao Tzu, Chuang Tzu and Lieh Tzu. Taoism which has come to scene in 6 th century BC, in the course of time, it has transformed into a religious form by getting into a melting with ancient Chinese traditions such as magic and incantation custom, immortality and Yellow Emperor( Huang-ti) belief. At the same process, Lao Tzu has been sanctified and given divinity. However, any Taoist religious formation cannot be seen up to 2 nd century. Religious Taoism is regarded to established by that a healer, so called Chang Tao Ling, revealed that he had received revelation from the God Lao Tzu. The sect established Chang has called Heavenly Masters (Tinsieh Tao) and become the most effective religious doctrine throughout the history of Taoism. Taoism has internalised a lot of principles which actually hadn?t been in its essence. Although Taoist Phylosophy hadn?t included some principles such as god, revelation, holy book, come to life, paradise and hell, Taoism has admitted those in the length of time. In that context, Taoism has been mostly effected by Budism. Taoism has got lots of things from Budism with which it has been in a competition after that Budism had entered the Chinese territory in 1 st century AC. Today, Taoism is a religion having millions of gods, lots of sects and scriptures, holy buldings such as monastry and temple, ecclesiastics and special worships. Throughout its history, Taoism sometimes has got the support of the state, and sometimes has been subjected to persecutions by the emperors supporting Budism. The most severe one of those, without ant doupt, has been put the scene by communists in the years between 1911 and 1980. At this period, lots of temples have been demolished, burned and transformed to barracks, and religious figures have been destroyed. Taoist priests have been subjected to atrocity and enforced to work under worse conditions. However, Taoism got the chance to heal its wounds and teach its doctrines to posterity thanks to Chinese government which showed much tolerance to religious beliefs. The most important characteristic of Taoism making it obviously different than the others is that it seek immortality and to make the life longer. The belief of immortality is the first aim. Taoism has become a religion which is preoccupied with superstitions because of struggle to make life longer and means such as magic and incantation. Today, Taoism is continuously vanishing because it is preoccupied by vulgar supersitition and it is totally controlled by magician. However, the phylosophical side of Taoism still attracts people. People of western world who has spiritual problems orient to classics of Phylosophical Taoism such as Tao Te Ching. The methods such as meditation, acupuncture, herbal threatment, which helped to development of Taoism, have escaped the religious identity and spread out all of the world as methods of mental and physical health care. Hence, Taoism still reach people by its different point of wiev, even if not by religious ways.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Taoizm, Taoism
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Gül, A. (2006). Bir din olarak Taoizm. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Yayımlanmış yüksek lisans tezi, Konya.
