Yarı Bodur Elma Bahçelerinde Toprakların Fiziksel Kalitesi ile Ağaçların Bazı Gelişim Özellikleri
Yükleniyor...
Dosyalar
Tarih
2023
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Ülkemizde en çok üretimi yapılan ürünlerden biri olan elmanın üretim miktarı ve alanı her geçen yıl artmasına karşı istenilen verim ve kalite henüz yakalanamamıştır. İstenilen verim ve kalitenin elde edilememesinin birçok farklı nedeni olsa da kaliteyi ve verimi etkileyen en önemli özellik toprağın fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik özelliklerdir. İyi bir kaliteyi ve verimi yakalamak amacıyla çiftçiler her ne kadar toprağın kimyasal özelliklerini düzeltmek için gübrelemeye yönelse de son yıllarda bunun tek başına yeterli olmadığını fark etmişlerdir. Sürdürülebilir bir tarım için toprağın fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik özelliklerinin bir bütün halinde incelenmesi gerektiği son yıllarda araştırmacılar tarafından tespit edilmiştir. Fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik analizlerin toprağın kalitesini belirlerken bir bütün halinde incelenmesi gerekmektedir Yapılan bu çalışmanın amacı; Elma üretim miktarı fazla olan Karaman ilinde 20 adet yarı bodur elma bahçesinde, toprak kalite özellikleri ile ağaçların gelişim özellikleri ve ağaç başına düşen verim miktarı belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada 20 adet yarı bodur elma bahçesinden 0-30 ve 30-60 cm derinliklerden bozulmuş ve bozulmamış toprak örnekleri alınmış ve arazide penetrasyon ölçümü yapılmıştır. Laboratuvara getirilen toprak örnekleri analizlere hazırlanarak toprağın fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Toprağın fiziksel özelliklerinden; toprak nemi, tekstür, hacim ağırlığı, zerre yoğunluğu, gözeneklilik, tarla kapasitesi, solma noktası, faydalı su içeriği, agregat stabilitesi, ortalama ağırlıklı çap, penetrasyon direnci, sınırlayıcı su aralığı (ΘSSA) ve kimyasal özelliklerden; pH, EC, yarayışlı fosfor, ekstrakte edilebilir Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn ve biyolojik özelliklerden; potansiyel mineralize olabilir azot (PMA), aktif karbon (AK), solunum, organik madde, toplam azot, NH4-N ve NO3-N belirlenmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda elde edilen toplam veri seti kullanılarak temel bileşenler analizi uygulanmış olup buna göre, toprakların fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik toprak kalite indikatörleri seçilmiştir. Fiziksel kalite indikatörü olarak; mikro gözeneklilik, havalanma gözenekliliği ve SSA alt oranı, kimyasal kalite indikatörü olarak; EC, kireç, bakır, kalsiyum, biyolojik kalite indikatörü olarak; NO3-N, PMN ve AK çalışanın yürütüldüğü yarı bodur bahçeleri için kalite parametreleri olarak seçilmiştir. Seçilen indikatörler doğrusal olmayan skorlama fonksiyonları ile skorlanmış ve her bir parametre için skor değerleri elde edilmiştir. Ortalama fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik kalite skorları sırasıyla; 0.46, 0.70 ve 0.50 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Kimyasal kalite skoru çok yüksek olarak bulunmuşken, biyolojik kalite skoru orta ve fiziksel kalite skoru çok düşük olarak hesaplanmıştır. Her bir bahçe için ortalama kalite skorunun ağaç başına verim ile ilişkisi incelenmiş olup yüksek derecede korelasyon (R2=0.5378) elde edilmiştir. Kimyasal kalite olarak yüksek skor değerleri alan bahçelerin özelikle fiziksel kalite skoru bakımından düşük kaldığı, buna bağlı olarak verim değerlerinin düştüğü görülmüştür. Sürdürülebilirliği ve verimin arttırılması için fiziksel ve biyolojik toprak kalitesini kısa ve uzun vadede arttıracak önlemlerin planlanması ve hızlı bir şekilde uygulanmaya geçirilmesi önerilmiştir.
Despite the increase in the production amount and area of the apple, which is the most produced in our country, the desired yield and quality have not been achieved yet. Even though there are many different reasons why the desired yield and quality cannot be achieved, the most important feature that affects the quality and yield is the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. In order to achieve a good quality and yield, although farmers turn to fertilization to improve the chemical properties of the soil, they have realized in recent years that this alone is not enough. It has been determined by researchers in recent years that the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil should be examined for a sustainable agriculture. Physical, chemical, and biological analyzes should be examined while determining the quality of the soil. The aim of this study; Soil quality characteristics, tree growth characteristics and yield per tree were determined in 20 semi-dwarf apple orchards in Karaman province, where apple production is high. In the study, disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from 20 semi-dwarf apple orchards from 0-30 and 30-60 cm depths and penetration measurement were made in the field. Soil samples brought to the laboratory were prepared for analysis and the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil were determined. From the physical properties of the soil; from soil moisture, texture, bulk density, particle density, porosity, field capacity, wilting point, available water content, aggregate stability, average weight diameter, penetration resistance, least limiting water range (ΘSSA), and chemical properties; pH, EC, available phosphorus, extractable Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and biological properties; potential mineralizable nitrogen (PMA), active carbon (AK), respiration, organic matter, total nitrogen, NH4-N and NO3-N were determined. By using the total data set obtained as a result of the analyzes, the basic component was applied, and the physical, chemical and biological soil quality indicators of the soils were selected accordingly. As a physical quality indicator; microporosity, porosity and SSA sub-ratio as chemical quality indicators; EC, iron, copper, calcium, as a biological quality indicator; NO3-N, PMN and AK were chosen as quality parameters for the semi-dwarf orchards where the worker was carried out. Selected indicators were scored with nonlinear scoring functions and score values were obtained for each parameter. Average physical, chemical and biological quality scores, respectively; It was calculated as 0.46, 0.70 and 0.50 While the chemical quality score was found to be very high, the biological quality score was calculated as medium and the physical quality score was calculated as very low. The relationship between the average quality score for each orchard and the yield per tree was examined and a high degree of correlation (R2=0.5378) was obtained. It has been observed that the orchards with high score values in terms of chemical quality remained low, especially in terms of physical quality scores, and accordingly, the yield values decreased. In order to increase sustainability and productivity, it has been suggested that measures to increase physical and biological soil quality in the short and long term should be planned and implemented quickly.
Despite the increase in the production amount and area of the apple, which is the most produced in our country, the desired yield and quality have not been achieved yet. Even though there are many different reasons why the desired yield and quality cannot be achieved, the most important feature that affects the quality and yield is the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. In order to achieve a good quality and yield, although farmers turn to fertilization to improve the chemical properties of the soil, they have realized in recent years that this alone is not enough. It has been determined by researchers in recent years that the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil should be examined for a sustainable agriculture. Physical, chemical, and biological analyzes should be examined while determining the quality of the soil. The aim of this study; Soil quality characteristics, tree growth characteristics and yield per tree were determined in 20 semi-dwarf apple orchards in Karaman province, where apple production is high. In the study, disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from 20 semi-dwarf apple orchards from 0-30 and 30-60 cm depths and penetration measurement were made in the field. Soil samples brought to the laboratory were prepared for analysis and the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil were determined. From the physical properties of the soil; from soil moisture, texture, bulk density, particle density, porosity, field capacity, wilting point, available water content, aggregate stability, average weight diameter, penetration resistance, least limiting water range (ΘSSA), and chemical properties; pH, EC, available phosphorus, extractable Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and biological properties; potential mineralizable nitrogen (PMA), active carbon (AK), respiration, organic matter, total nitrogen, NH4-N and NO3-N were determined. By using the total data set obtained as a result of the analyzes, the basic component was applied, and the physical, chemical and biological soil quality indicators of the soils were selected accordingly. As a physical quality indicator; microporosity, porosity and SSA sub-ratio as chemical quality indicators; EC, iron, copper, calcium, as a biological quality indicator; NO3-N, PMN and AK were chosen as quality parameters for the semi-dwarf orchards where the worker was carried out. Selected indicators were scored with nonlinear scoring functions and score values were obtained for each parameter. Average physical, chemical and biological quality scores, respectively; It was calculated as 0.46, 0.70 and 0.50 While the chemical quality score was found to be very high, the biological quality score was calculated as medium and the physical quality score was calculated as very low. The relationship between the average quality score for each orchard and the yield per tree was examined and a high degree of correlation (R2=0.5378) was obtained. It has been observed that the orchards with high score values in terms of chemical quality remained low, especially in terms of physical quality scores, and accordingly, the yield values decreased. In order to increase sustainability and productivity, it has been suggested that measures to increase physical and biological soil quality in the short and long term should be planned and implemented quickly.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Karaman ili, Minimum veri seti, Toprak kalitesi, Verim parametreleri, Yarı bodur elma bahçesi, Karaman Province, Minimum Data Set, Soil Quality, Yield Parameters, Semi-Dwarf Apple Orchard
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Gül, B., (2023). Yarı Bodur Elma Bahçelerinde Toprakların Fiziksel Kalitesi ile Ağaçların Bazı Gelişim Özellikleri. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
