İslam Muhâkeme Hukukunda şâhitte aranan şartlar
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2008
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Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Abstract
İslam Hukukunun bir bölümünü oluşturan muhâkeme hukuku, şâhitlik, ikrar, yemin, kasâme, nükûl vb. ispat vasıtalarını konu edinir. İspat vasıtalarının en önemlilerinden biri şâhitliktir. Şâhitlik müessesesi, herhangi bir hakkı hâkim ve yargı önünde ispat etme, hakkın zâyî olmasını önleme ve adaleti ikame etme amacıyla ihdâs edilmiştir. Şâhitlik, asırlardır ispat vasıtası olarak kullanılmaya devam etmiş ve önemini günümüze kadar yitirmemiştir. Zira toplum hayatında bir çok hâdise meydana gelir ve bunlarla ilgili davalar ortaya çıkar. Bu davaların çözümünde şâhitlere ihtiyaç duyulur. Şâhit delilinin hukûkî dayanağı Kur'an-ı Kerim ve Sünnettir. Bir çok ayette ve hadiste, şehâdet ile davanın ispat edilebileceği, şâhitlik ederken adaletten ayrılınmaması ve şâhitlikten kaçınılmaması gerektiği ısrarla ifade edilmektedir. Şâhitlik, sorumluluk bilinci ile yerine getirilmesi gereken şerefli bir görev olduğundan, şâhitlik edecek kimsede âkil, bâliğ, âdil, görür, işitir, konuşur, Müslüman, mürüvvet sahibi olmak ve töhmet altında olmamak, dikkatsiz olmamak gibi bir takım şartlar aranır. Bu şartlar doğru hükmün verilip, adaletin ikame edilebilmesi için konulmuştur. Klasik kaynaklarımızda "kadâ" ve "şehâdet" bölümlerinde şâhitlikle ilgili meseleler ele alınmıştır. Biz bu çalışmamızda, İslam Hukukunda şâhitlik edecek kimsede bulunması gereken şartları inceledik ve Günümüz Türk Pozitif Hukuku ile bir karşılaştırma yaptık. Tezimize isim olarak "İslam Muhâkeme Hukukunda Şâhitte Aranan Şartlar" adını verdik. Bu bakımdan önceli olarak, İslam Muhâkeme Hukukuna göre şâhitlerde aranan şartları inceledik, ardından Günümüz Türkiye'sinde halen yürürlükte olan Ceza Muhâkemesi Kanunu, Hukuk Usulü Muhâkemeleri Kanunu, Türk Medeni Kanunu ve Türk Ceza Kanununu gibi kanunlarla bir karşılaştırma yaptık. Çalışmamızı "giriş"ten sonra iki bölüm halinde ve şu düzen üzerinde hazırladık. Şâhitlik, muhâkeme, ispat vb. konuyla ilgili kelimelerin açıklanması, genel olarak ispat vasıtaları, şâhitliğin önemi ve şehâdetin hukûkî dayanağı, hükmü, rüknü, şâhitlikte nisap gibi konuları içeren "giriş"ten sonra "birinci bölüm" de "Tahammül (Tanıklığı Üstlenme) Bakımından Şâhitte Aranan Şartlar"ı inceledik. "İkinci bölüm"de, "Edâ Açısından (Mahkemede Şâhitlik Yapabilmek İçin) Şâhitte Aranan Şartlar"ı ele aldık. Gerek tahammül gerekse edâ bakımından şâhitte aranan şartları farklı görüşlere işaret ederek inceleyip kendi kanaatimizi belirttikten sonra Günümüz Türk Pozitif Hukuku ile mukayese yaptık. Çalışmamızda elde ettiğimiz sonuçları da "sonuç" kısmında ifade ettik.
As an essential part of Islamic Law, code of procedure deals with the means of legal establishment such as attestation, acknowledgement, taking oath, oaths of compurgation etc. As one of the major ways of proving, the institution of attestation is developed to establish a certain right before judge at court, to prevent the right from being lost, and to establish justice. This institution has been for centuries used as a means of proving, maintaining its importance down to the present time because events always take place in social life that have legal results whose resolution requires attestation. The legal basis of attestation is the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah, both of which emphasize that a legal case can be established through attestation, commanding not to forsake justice, and to witness when needed. Since attestation is an honorable duty that requires a sense of responsibility, one who will carry out it needs to be sane, mature, righteous, seeing, hearing, speaking, Muslim, trustworthy, clear of any accusations, and careful. These qualifications are all required to make a right judgment and to establish justice. The chapters "qadâ" and "shahâdah" of the classic Islamic legal literature examine the issues related to attestation. This present study focuses on the qualifications that a person who will act as witness should have according to Islamic Law, comparing between it and the Modern Turkish Positive Law. We entitled our thesis "The Qualifications to Be Possessed by Witness in Islamic Code of Procedure." First, we investigated the qualifications that a witness needs to have according to the Islamic Code of Procedure. Then we compared between it and the Penal Code of Procedure, the Civil Procedure Code, and the Turkish Civil and Penal Codes, all of them being in practice in modern Turkey. The study consists of an introduction, two chapters, and conclusion. In the introduction, the following issues are discussed in order: explanation of such related terms as attestation, procedure, establishment; exposition of the general means of legal establishment; the importance and legal basis of attestation; its properties and foundations. In the first chapter, we examined the qualifications one should have to take on the attestation task. In the second chapter, we addressed the qualifications one should have to perform the attestation task. Pointing out various views as to the qualifications of the witness in both aspects, we expressed our own opinion. Then we compared between Islamic and Modern Turkish Positive Law on this issue. We summarized the results reached in the conclusion.
As an essential part of Islamic Law, code of procedure deals with the means of legal establishment such as attestation, acknowledgement, taking oath, oaths of compurgation etc. As one of the major ways of proving, the institution of attestation is developed to establish a certain right before judge at court, to prevent the right from being lost, and to establish justice. This institution has been for centuries used as a means of proving, maintaining its importance down to the present time because events always take place in social life that have legal results whose resolution requires attestation. The legal basis of attestation is the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah, both of which emphasize that a legal case can be established through attestation, commanding not to forsake justice, and to witness when needed. Since attestation is an honorable duty that requires a sense of responsibility, one who will carry out it needs to be sane, mature, righteous, seeing, hearing, speaking, Muslim, trustworthy, clear of any accusations, and careful. These qualifications are all required to make a right judgment and to establish justice. The chapters "qadâ" and "shahâdah" of the classic Islamic legal literature examine the issues related to attestation. This present study focuses on the qualifications that a person who will act as witness should have according to Islamic Law, comparing between it and the Modern Turkish Positive Law. We entitled our thesis "The Qualifications to Be Possessed by Witness in Islamic Code of Procedure." First, we investigated the qualifications that a witness needs to have according to the Islamic Code of Procedure. Then we compared between it and the Penal Code of Procedure, the Civil Procedure Code, and the Turkish Civil and Penal Codes, all of them being in practice in modern Turkey. The study consists of an introduction, two chapters, and conclusion. In the introduction, the following issues are discussed in order: explanation of such related terms as attestation, procedure, establishment; exposition of the general means of legal establishment; the importance and legal basis of attestation; its properties and foundations. In the first chapter, we examined the qualifications one should have to take on the attestation task. In the second chapter, we addressed the qualifications one should have to perform the attestation task. Pointing out various views as to the qualifications of the witness in both aspects, we expressed our own opinion. Then we compared between Islamic and Modern Turkish Positive Law on this issue. We summarized the results reached in the conclusion.
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İslam Muhâkeme Hukuku, Şahit, Witness, Islamic code of procedure
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Topuz, İ. (2008). İslam Muhâkeme Hukukunda şâhitte aranan şartlar. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Yayımlanmış yüksek lisans tezi, Konya.
