Ülkemizin taraf olmadığı sualtı kültürel mirasının korunması sözleşmesi ve sualtı kültür varlıklarımız
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2007
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Anadolu, yüzyıllar boyu üzerinde barındırdığı kültür birikimlerini günümüze kadar taşımıştır. Sadece yarımadayla sınırlı kalmamış, kendisini çevreleyen, Karadeniz, Marmara, Ege ve Akdeniz, derinliklerinde barındırdıkları binlerce yıl öncesinin antik batıkları ve kalıntılarıyla, tüm dünya denizlerinden çok farklı bir zenginliğe sahip olmuştur. Eski çağların en gelişmiş medeniyetleri Akdeniz ve Ege Denizi kıyılarında kurulmuştur. Bu nedenle Anadolu, tarih boyunca ticari ve kültürel hayatta bir merkez konumunda olmuştur. Bunun sonucunda da denizlerimiz, derinliklerdeki yüzlerce batıkla, sualtı kültürel birikimleri ve değerleri açısından dünyanın en zengin denizleri arasında ön sıralarda bulunmaktadır. Sadece batık gemiler değil, aynı zamanda batık şehirler, antik kent ya da insan kalıntıları, çapalar, askeri gemi veya uçak batık ve enkazları ile doğal güzellikler ülkemiz için önemli zenginlikler olup kültür ve turizm açısından etkili varlıklardır. Zengin antik batıkların, gelecek nesillere ulaşabilmesi ve gerekli arkeolojik çalışmalar yapılıncaya kadar oldukları gibi korunabilmesi için, batık alanları sportif dalışlara kapatılmıştır. Fakat ister dalışa kapalı, ister açık olsun bu batıklardan arta kalan bir amfora veya amfora parçasına rastlamak alışılagelen görüntüler arasındadır. Kültürel mirasa önem veren diğer ülkeler gibi Türkiye de, kendi hukuk kuralları içinde kültürel ve doğal varlıkların korunması için gerekli düzenlemeleri yapmıştır. Bunun yanında, tüm bu varlıkların korunması için uluslararası düzenlemelere de taraf olmuştur. Diğer taraftan, bazı uluslararası düzenleme ve belgeler de kabul edilmemiş ve onaylanmamıştır. Örneğin, Sualtı Kültürel Mirasının Korunması Sözleşmesi, bazı kültürel, politik ve yasal nedenlerden dolayı onaylanmamış ve kabul edilmemiştir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin Sualtı Kültürel Mirasının Korunması Sözleşmesi'ni neden kabul etmeyip onaylamadığı araştırılıp açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Türkiye'nin de dâhil olduğu ve Taslak Sözleşme üzerinde çalışan bütün ülkeler uluslararası alanda kabul görebilecek bir belge için fazlasıyla çaba sarf etmişlerdir. Görüşmeler boyunca oldukça iyi mesafe alınmıştır. Fakat bazı konular üzerinde mutabakat sağlanamamıştır. Sözleşme metni üzerinde, 1982 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi'ne bazı noktalarda atıflarda bulunulmuştur. Türkiye, 1982 BM Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi'ne (UNCLOS) taraf olmadığı için Sözleşme'ye taraf olmaktan kaçınmıştır. Bunun yanında, Sözleşme'ye `çekince konulamaması' hükmü de Türkiye'nin Sözleşme'ye taraf olmamasına neden olmuştur. Bu bağlamda, daha iyi bir sözleşme metninin hazırlanması durumunda Sözleşme'ye taraf olamayan ülkelerin de taraf olması sağlanabilmelidir. Sualtı kültürel mirası uluslararası bilinçle ancak bu şekilde daha etkin olarak korunabilecektir.
Anatolia is home to an accumulation of cultural artifacts that she has sheltered trough the centuries to the present time. This cultural heritage is not limited to the peninsula; it overflows into the seas surrounding it. The Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean and the Mediterranean Seas surrounding Anatolia, are rich with sunken treasure and remains, which have been here for thousands of years. This is the one of the uniqueness of Turkey?s seas. The most advanced civilizations of ancient times were established on the coasts of the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas, and Anatolia has been a center for culture and commerce troughout history. Consequently, our seas are among the richest seas of the world with hundreds of sunken ships to be studied. Not only sunken ships but also sunken cities, ancient city or human remains, anchors, military ship or plane wrecks or natural beauties are important wealthies of our seas that they are also effective for culture and tourism. In order to protect these treasures until the necessary archaeological studies are done and to be able to preserve them for the next generations, diving for sport in these areas has been banned. But, it is common to come across a piece of amphora during a dive into these areas. Like the other countries that give importance on cultural heritage, Turkey had done the necessary regulations on preserving cultural and natural patrimony or heritage, in the own law rules too. Beside this, she has taken part in international regulations for protecting all of these for example, European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage. On the other hand, some of the international regulations and documents have not been approved or accepted. For instance, Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage has not been approved or accepted because of some cultural, political and legal reasons. In this study, we have tried to explain that why Turkey has not accepted the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Each country, including Turkey, has participated in the preparatory work of Draft Convention has spared no efforts in order to reach a satisfactory, comprehensive and consequently global legal instrument. During the negotiations much progress has been made. But no consensus has been reached on substantial issues. The Draft Convention document has not been prepared in a universal approval. For instance, there is no consensus on coastal state jürisdiction concerning underwater cultural heritage on the continental shelf and Exlusive Economic Zone. The balance of rights and obligations between maritime states and coastal states had to be preserved. On the other hand, universal acceptance is the best way to guarantee the application of this Convention. Unfortunately universal acceptance is lacking. Because some substantial issues are not resolved. In the text, there are several references to 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Convention. Such as, Articles 2, 3, 10 and 25. In fact the Convention is mentiomed as one of the instruments constituting legal framework for the new Convention. Turkey is not party to 1982 Convention. Therefore, we could not agree with these references and interpretations. Another issue is the ?Reservations Clause? of the Convention. This no reservation clause in the Article 30 is another diffuculty for Turkey to become a party to Convention. We hope that, a much better, balanced text is prepared and the countries which are not party to Convention can accept or aprprove this regulations. Underwater cultural heritage will be protected by a universal conscious exactly like this.
Anatolia is home to an accumulation of cultural artifacts that she has sheltered trough the centuries to the present time. This cultural heritage is not limited to the peninsula; it overflows into the seas surrounding it. The Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean and the Mediterranean Seas surrounding Anatolia, are rich with sunken treasure and remains, which have been here for thousands of years. This is the one of the uniqueness of Turkey?s seas. The most advanced civilizations of ancient times were established on the coasts of the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas, and Anatolia has been a center for culture and commerce troughout history. Consequently, our seas are among the richest seas of the world with hundreds of sunken ships to be studied. Not only sunken ships but also sunken cities, ancient city or human remains, anchors, military ship or plane wrecks or natural beauties are important wealthies of our seas that they are also effective for culture and tourism. In order to protect these treasures until the necessary archaeological studies are done and to be able to preserve them for the next generations, diving for sport in these areas has been banned. But, it is common to come across a piece of amphora during a dive into these areas. Like the other countries that give importance on cultural heritage, Turkey had done the necessary regulations on preserving cultural and natural patrimony or heritage, in the own law rules too. Beside this, she has taken part in international regulations for protecting all of these for example, European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage. On the other hand, some of the international regulations and documents have not been approved or accepted. For instance, Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage has not been approved or accepted because of some cultural, political and legal reasons. In this study, we have tried to explain that why Turkey has not accepted the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Each country, including Turkey, has participated in the preparatory work of Draft Convention has spared no efforts in order to reach a satisfactory, comprehensive and consequently global legal instrument. During the negotiations much progress has been made. But no consensus has been reached on substantial issues. The Draft Convention document has not been prepared in a universal approval. For instance, there is no consensus on coastal state jürisdiction concerning underwater cultural heritage on the continental shelf and Exlusive Economic Zone. The balance of rights and obligations between maritime states and coastal states had to be preserved. On the other hand, universal acceptance is the best way to guarantee the application of this Convention. Unfortunately universal acceptance is lacking. Because some substantial issues are not resolved. In the text, there are several references to 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Convention. Such as, Articles 2, 3, 10 and 25. In fact the Convention is mentiomed as one of the instruments constituting legal framework for the new Convention. Turkey is not party to 1982 Convention. Therefore, we could not agree with these references and interpretations. Another issue is the ?Reservations Clause? of the Convention. This no reservation clause in the Article 30 is another diffuculty for Turkey to become a party to Convention. We hope that, a much better, balanced text is prepared and the countries which are not party to Convention can accept or aprprove this regulations. Underwater cultural heritage will be protected by a universal conscious exactly like this.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sualtı kültürel mirası, Underwater cultural heritage, Kültürel mirasın korunması, Protection of cultural heritage
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Görgülü, U. (2007). Ülkemizin taraf olmadığı sualtı kültürel mirasının korunması sözleşmesi ve sualtı kültür varlıklarımız. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Yayımlanmış yüksek lisans tezi, Konya.
