Osmanlı barut üretim teknolojisinde modernleşme: Azadlu Baruthanesi (1794- 1878)
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2013-07-02
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Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
İnsanın temel fizyolojik ihtiyaçlarının başında korunma ve beslenme gelir. Özellikle korunma ihtiyacı ilk silahların yapımını sağlamıştır. Atış teknolojisindeki en büyük ilerleme barutun icadı ile birlikte olmuştur. Ateşli silahların yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte dünyadaki pek çok devlet bu teknolojiye sahip olma arzusunda olmuştur. Barutun kullanımı bakımından devletleri mucitler, var olan teknolojiyi geliştirenler (inovasyon) ve tüketiciler olmak üzere üçe ayırmak mümkündür. Osmanlı Devleti de Türk-İslâm devletleri içerisinde ateşli silahları kullanma konusunda oldukça başarılı olmuştur. Bu nedenle bir çok araştırmacı tarafından bir barut imparatorluğu olarak nitelendirilmiştir. XIII. yy?ın ikinci yarısına kadar barut üretimi alanında miktar ve kalite itibariyle ihtiyacı oranında üretim yapan Osmanlı Devletinin bu dönemden sonra istenilen nitelikte üretim yapamadığı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle III. Selim zamanında hayata geçirilen Nizam-ı Cedid reformları çerçevesinde Küçükçekmece Gölü yakınlarında, Arakel Dadyan tarafından geliştirilen su gücü ile döndürülen çarklara sahip Azadlu Baruthanesi kurulmuştur. Dadyan Ailesinin Arakel?den sonra iş başına gelen üyeleri daha iyi barut üretim tekniklerini öğrenmeleri amacıyla İngiltere?ye gönderilmiştir. Gönderilen bu kişiler barut üretimi dışında da farklı alanlarda bilgi edinerek Osmanlı topraklarına dönmüşlerdir. Özellikle II. Mahmud ve Abdülmecid dönemlerinde Dadyan Ailesi üyeleri vapur inşasından, top ve tüfek imaline, iplik imalinden fes üretimine hatta demir fabrikası kurulmasına kadar pek çok alandaki sanayileşme faaliyetinde etkin rol üstlenmişlerdir. Azadlu Baruthanesi 1877-1878 Osmanlı Rus harbinde Rus askerleri tarafından tahrip edilmiştir. Ancak dumansız barut teknolojisinin yaygınlaşması baruthanenin sonunu getiren asıl gelişmedir.
Security and nutrition are the first physiological necessities of humanity. Especially need of security provided the production of first weapons. Accordingly, the greatest progress in shooting technology was with the invention of gun powder. With the spread of firearms, many countries in the world demanded to own this technology. In terms of the usage of gun powder, it is possible to divide countries into three categories as inventors, developers of the available technology (innovation) and consumers. Ottoman Empire was also quite a successful state among Turkish-Islamic countries at using firearms. For this reason, it was always regarded as an empire of gun powder by many researchers. Ottoman Empire, who produced gun powder in proportion to its need regarding the quantity and quality until the second half of 18th century, is known to have failed to produce demanded quality and quantity after this period. Hence, within the framework of Nizam-ı Cedid (New Order) reformations actualised during III. Selim?s ruling, Azadlu Powder Mill which had mills functioning with hydropower and developed by Arakel Dadyan was founded. Other members of Dadyan family following Arakel were sent to Britain in order to learn better techniques of gun powder production. These people who were sent to Britain returned to Ottoman territory having acquired knowledge in other fields as well. Especially during the ruling of Mahmud II and Abdülmecid, members of Dadyan family took active part in many industrialisation activities ranging from vapour building, artillery and gun production and fibre production to tarbush production, even founding a factory of railways. Azadlu Powder Mill was destroyed by Russian troops during the Ottoman-Russia War in 1877-1878, but it is the spread of smokeless powder technology which actually brought the end of powder mill.
Security and nutrition are the first physiological necessities of humanity. Especially need of security provided the production of first weapons. Accordingly, the greatest progress in shooting technology was with the invention of gun powder. With the spread of firearms, many countries in the world demanded to own this technology. In terms of the usage of gun powder, it is possible to divide countries into three categories as inventors, developers of the available technology (innovation) and consumers. Ottoman Empire was also quite a successful state among Turkish-Islamic countries at using firearms. For this reason, it was always regarded as an empire of gun powder by many researchers. Ottoman Empire, who produced gun powder in proportion to its need regarding the quantity and quality until the second half of 18th century, is known to have failed to produce demanded quality and quantity after this period. Hence, within the framework of Nizam-ı Cedid (New Order) reformations actualised during III. Selim?s ruling, Azadlu Powder Mill which had mills functioning with hydropower and developed by Arakel Dadyan was founded. Other members of Dadyan family following Arakel were sent to Britain in order to learn better techniques of gun powder production. These people who were sent to Britain returned to Ottoman territory having acquired knowledge in other fields as well. Especially during the ruling of Mahmud II and Abdülmecid, members of Dadyan family took active part in many industrialisation activities ranging from vapour building, artillery and gun production and fibre production to tarbush production, even founding a factory of railways. Azadlu Powder Mill was destroyed by Russian troops during the Ottoman-Russia War in 1877-1878, but it is the spread of smokeless powder technology which actually brought the end of powder mill.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Barut, Gunpowder, Baruthane-i Amire, Endüstri devrimi, Industrial revolution, Endüstrileşme, Industrialization, Ermeniler, Armenians, Modernleşme, Modernization, Osmanlı Devleti, Ottoman State, Osmanlı tarihi, Ottoman history
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Künye
İnce, Y. (2013). Osmanlı barut üretim teknolojisinde modernleşme: Azadlu Baruthanesi (1794- 1878). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Yayımlanmış doktora tezi, Konya.
