Büyük Selçuklu Devleti veziri ve Türk tarihinin önemli devlet adamlarından Nizâmü’l-Mülk (1018-1092)
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2018
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Yayıncı
Selçuk Üniversitesi Selçuklu Araştırmaları Merkezi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nin ve Türk tarihinin meşhur devlet adamlarından biri olan Vezir Nizâmü’l-Mülk’ün gerçek adı Hasan b. Ali b. İshâk et-Tûsî’dir. Abbâsî Halifesi el-Kâim bi-emrillah kendisine “Nizâmü’l-Mülk” (devletin düzeni) lâkabını vermiş ve bu lâkap ile meşhur olmuştur. Selçuklularda önemli bir görev olan “Atabeglik” unvanını ilk kez kullananın Vezir Nizâmü’l-Mülk olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Selçuklu veziri, Sultan Alp Arslan’ın emriyle başta Bağdâd olmak üzere çeşitli şehirlerde kurduğu ve kendi adına nispetle “Nizâmiye Medreseleri” diye anılan ilk resmî eğitim kurumlarıyla ilmin gelişmesi için çaba harcamış medreselere kitaplar bağışlamış ve araziler vakfetmiştir. Nizâmü’l-Mülk, Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nin vezirlik makamında görev yaptığı dönemde, Türk-İslâm unsurlarını birleştirerek İktâ‘ Sistemi’ni geliştirmiş ve daha düzenli bir yapıya kavuşturmuştur. Tarım topraklarını iktâ bölgelerine ayırarak gelirlerini askerlere tahsis etmesi ülkenin refah düzeyinin artmasını sağlamıştır. Sultan Alp Arslan ve Melikşâh zamanında birçok savaşta önemli rol oynayan Nizâmü’l-Mülk, orduya çok önem vermiş, yaptığı düzenlemeler ve aldığı tedbirlerle Büyük Selçuklu ordusunu Ortaçağ’ın en güçlü ordusu haline getirmiştir. Sâmânî ve Gaznelilerin devlet teşkilatını örnek alarak Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nin Merkez (Dîvân Teşkilâtı) ve Saray Teşkilâtı’nı oluşturmuş ve İslâm geleneklerine uygun biçimde mahkemeler kurmuştur. Nizâmü’l–Mülk, devlet idaresinde kendi görüşlerini belirten bir de Farsça eser kaleme almıştır. Siyâsetnâme adlı bu eser birçok kere neşredildiği gibi, Türkçe dışında çeşitli dillere de tercüme edilmiştir. Vezir Nizâmü’l-Mülk, adaleti, siyasî-idarî kabiliyeti, cömertliği, güzel ahlâkı ve çok bilgili kişiliği ile tanınırdı. Halkın haksızlığa uğramaması için çaba gösterir, devlet kapısının şikâyet ve isteklerini dile getirmek isteyen halka daima açık olmasını isterdi. Âlimlere ve sûfilere değer verir ve onların sohbet meclislerine katılmaktan keyif alırdı. Selçuklu topraklarında mezhep çatışmalarını önlemek için de bazı tedbirler almıştır. Nizâmü’l-Mülk, Bâtınîler ile de askerî, siyasî ve ilmî yöntemlerle mücadele etmiş ve bu yüzden Bâtınîlerin en büyük düşmanı haline gelmiştir. Burada kısaca özetlemeye çalıştığımız Vezir Nizâmü’l-Mülk’ün hayat hikâyesini yazmış olduğumuz makalede ayrıntılı bir şekilde ve kaynaklara dayalı olarak bulacaksınız.
The real name of Minister Niz?m al-Mulk, who was one of the famous statesmen of the Great Seljuk State and of Turkish history, was Hasan b. Ali b. İshâk et-Tûsî. The Abb?sid Caliph el-Kâim bi-emrillah gave him the name “Niz?m al-Mulk” (state order) and his fame is derived from this name. It is acknowledged that the first person with the title Atabeg, having important duty among the Seljuks, was Minister Niz?m al-Mulk. Through the first official educational institutions, known as “Nizamiyye Madrasas”, which he established based on the order of Sultan Alp Arslan in various cities, foremost among them Baghdad, the Seljuk Minister strove to develop knowledge and he donated both books and land for the madrasas. During the time that Niz?m al-Mulk served as the Minister of the Great Seljuk State, he brought Turkish and Islamic elements together by developing the Iqt? System and introduced a more organized structure. His allocation of income to soldiers, by means of separating agricultural lands into ıqt? regions, ensured the improvement of living standards in the nation. Niz?m al-Mulk played a role in many battles during the time of Sultan Alp Arslan and Sultan Maliksh?h. He gave great importance to the army and through the organization he instituted and the measures he took, the Great Seljuk army became the strongest of the Middle Ages. He took the examples of the S?m?nîds and Ghaznavids states institutions to form the Great Saldjuk State’s Central Council of State (Div?nıyya Governance) and the Palace Council, as well as setting up the courts in a manner appropriate for Islamic traditions. Niz?m al-Mulk also wrote a work in Persian putting forth his views on state administration. The work, called Siy?setn?me, has been published many times and translated into other languages besides Turkish. The Minister, Niz?m al-Mulk was known as a person who was just, capable in political and administrative matters, generous, morally upright and knowledgeable. He endeavoured to see that people were not treated unjustly and he wanted the door of the state to remain open at all times for the people to voice their complaints and requests. He valued scholars and sufis and took pleasure in participating in their discussions. In order to prevent the sectarian tensions in the Seljuk territory, he took certain measures to prevent them. Niz?m al-Mulk fought against the B?tınıyya with militarily, political and scientific methods, which consequently made him the greatest foe of B?tınıyya. We have here tried to provide a brief summary of Minister Niz?m al-Mulk and you will find more detailed information about his life in the article we have written, which is based on the sources.
The real name of Minister Niz?m al-Mulk, who was one of the famous statesmen of the Great Seljuk State and of Turkish history, was Hasan b. Ali b. İshâk et-Tûsî. The Abb?sid Caliph el-Kâim bi-emrillah gave him the name “Niz?m al-Mulk” (state order) and his fame is derived from this name. It is acknowledged that the first person with the title Atabeg, having important duty among the Seljuks, was Minister Niz?m al-Mulk. Through the first official educational institutions, known as “Nizamiyye Madrasas”, which he established based on the order of Sultan Alp Arslan in various cities, foremost among them Baghdad, the Seljuk Minister strove to develop knowledge and he donated both books and land for the madrasas. During the time that Niz?m al-Mulk served as the Minister of the Great Seljuk State, he brought Turkish and Islamic elements together by developing the Iqt? System and introduced a more organized structure. His allocation of income to soldiers, by means of separating agricultural lands into ıqt? regions, ensured the improvement of living standards in the nation. Niz?m al-Mulk played a role in many battles during the time of Sultan Alp Arslan and Sultan Maliksh?h. He gave great importance to the army and through the organization he instituted and the measures he took, the Great Seljuk army became the strongest of the Middle Ages. He took the examples of the S?m?nîds and Ghaznavids states institutions to form the Great Saldjuk State’s Central Council of State (Div?nıyya Governance) and the Palace Council, as well as setting up the courts in a manner appropriate for Islamic traditions. Niz?m al-Mulk also wrote a work in Persian putting forth his views on state administration. The work, called Siy?setn?me, has been published many times and translated into other languages besides Turkish. The Minister, Niz?m al-Mulk was known as a person who was just, capable in political and administrative matters, generous, morally upright and knowledgeable. He endeavoured to see that people were not treated unjustly and he wanted the door of the state to remain open at all times for the people to voice their complaints and requests. He valued scholars and sufis and took pleasure in participating in their discussions. In order to prevent the sectarian tensions in the Seljuk territory, he took certain measures to prevent them. Niz?m al-Mulk fought against the B?tınıyya with militarily, political and scientific methods, which consequently made him the greatest foe of B?tınıyya. We have here tried to provide a brief summary of Minister Niz?m al-Mulk and you will find more detailed information about his life in the article we have written, which is based on the sources.
Açıklama
Url: http://usad.selcuk.edu.tr/usad/article/view/137
Anahtar Kelimeler
Vezir, Nizamü’l-mülk, Büyük Selçuklu Devleti, Alp Arslan, Melikşah, Minister, Nizam al-Mulk, Great Seljuk State
Kaynak
Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Kesik, M. (2018). Büyük Selçuklu Devleti veziri ve Türk tarihinin önemli devlet adamlarından Nizâmü’l-Mülk (1018-1092). Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi, (8), 53-81.
