Karl Raimund Popper'ın Bilim Anlayışı Çerçevesinde Evrim Teorisinin Yeri ve Önemi
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Date
2022
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Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Abstract
Yirminci yüzyılın en etkili bilim filozoflarından birisi Karl, R. Popper’dir. Popper,
entelektüel camiada ağırlıklı bilim ve bilimsel yöntem görüşleri aracılığıyla
tanınmaktadır. Yanlışlanabilirci felsefe olarak da bilinen bu anlayışa göre,
yanlışlarımızdan öğrenmek ve öğrendiklerimizi tekrar yanlışlamaya çalışmak, bilgi
ve bilimin vazgeçilmez yöntemidir. Popper bu yöntemi, başta doğa bilimleri olmak
üzere tarih ve sosyal bilimlere de uyarlayarak önemli başarılar elde eder. Popper
daha sonra, 1960’lı yıllarda evrim teorisiyle ilgilenerek, kendi bilim anlayışıyla
Darwinci evrim teorisi arasında bir analoji kurmaya çalışır. Popper’ın kendi bilim
anlayışıyla Darwinci evrim teorisi arasında bir analoji kurması, hem evrim teorisinin
önemli ve değerli olduğu hem de kendi bilim anlayışının bir ölçüde evrim teorisine
benzediği varsayımlarını gerektirir. Bu da kısacası, Popper açısından Darwinci evrim
teorisinin bilimsel niteliklere sahip olduğu izlenimini verir.
Ne var ki Popper belirli bir müddet sonra Darwinci evrim teorisi hakkındaki
görüşlerini değiştirir. Popper 1976 yılında yayınladığı Bitmeyen Arayış adlı eserinde, Darwinci evrim teorisinin sınanamayan metafiziksel bir araştırma programı olduğunu
ileri sürer. Bu noktada Popper’ın bir yandan kendi bilim anlayışıyla Darwinci evrim
teorisi arasında bir analoji kurması diğer taraftan ise bu teorinin metafiziksel
olduğunu ileri sürmesi bir çelişki gibi görünmektedir. Popper, bilim tasarımında,
bilim ve metafizik ayrımı yapar. Dolayısıyla bu bağlamada metafiziksel bir araştırma
programı ile Poppercı bilim arasında analojinin kurulması çok da anlaşılır
olmamaktadır.
Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı, Popper’ın bilim tasarımında evrim teorisinin
yeri ve öneminin ne olduğunu açık ve anlaşılır bir şekilde ortaya koymaktır. Bu
çalışma dört ana bölümden meydana gelmiştir. İlk bölümde Popper’ın entelektüel
yaşam ve eserleri kronolojik olarak anlatılmıştır. İkinci bölümde Popper’ın bilim
tasarımı, mantıkçı pozitivistlerin fikirleriyle karşılaştırmalı olarak sunulmuştur.
Üçüncü bölümde genelde evrim teorisi özelde ise Darwinci evrim teorisi tarihsel
yönleriyle ortaya konuldu. Dördüncü ve son bölümde ise Popper’ın Darwin’in evrim
teorisine yönelik tutum ve fikirleri açıklanmaya çalışıldı.
Sonuç olarak Popper’ın Darwinci evrim teorisini metafiziksel bir araştırma
programı olarak değerlendirdiği ve akabinde yapmaya çalıştığı analojinin de
tamamıyla geçerli olmadığı görülmüştür.
One of the most influential philosophers of science of twentieth century is Karl, R. Popper. Popper is known in the intellectual community mainly for his views on science and scientific method. For his conception of falsifiability, that is learning from our mistakes and trying to falsify what has been learned, is an indispensable method for science and scientific knowledge. Popper achieved significant success by adapting this method, to the natural sciences, as well as to history and social sciences. Later in the 1960s, Popper, while dealing with the theory of evolution tried to establish an analogy between his understanding of science and Darwinian theory of evolution. Making this analogy requires two assumptions according to which the theory of evolution is important and valuable, and that his understanding of science is somewhat similar to the theory of evolution. From Popperian perspective the Darwinian theory of evolution gives the impression that it has scientific qualities. However, after a certain period of time, Popper changes his views on Darwinian theory of evolution. In his 1976 book, The Endless Quest, Popper argues that the Darwinian theory of evolution is an untestable metaphysical research program. At this point, a striking contradiction appears between Popper’s analogy of his conception of science with Darwinian theory of evolution and his claim that this theory is metaphysical because Popper’s idea of science is based on the distinction between science and metaphysics. Therefore, it is not totally clear why an analogy between a metaphysical research program and Popperian scienceis established at all. In line with this, the aim of this study is to reveal in a clear and understandable way the role and importance of the theory of evolution in Popper's idea of science. For this purpose, this study consists of four main parts. In the first part, Popper's intellectual life and works are explained in a chronological order. In the second part, Popper's idea of science is presented in comparison with the logical positivist’s. In the third chapter, the theory of evolution in general, and Darwinian theory of evolution in particular, are exposed with its historical aspects. Finally, in the fourth chapter, Popper's attitude and ideas towards Darwin's theory of evolution are argued. As a conclusion, it is evaluated that Popper’s analogy and arguments about Darwinian theory of evolution as metaphysical research program are not entirely sound.
One of the most influential philosophers of science of twentieth century is Karl, R. Popper. Popper is known in the intellectual community mainly for his views on science and scientific method. For his conception of falsifiability, that is learning from our mistakes and trying to falsify what has been learned, is an indispensable method for science and scientific knowledge. Popper achieved significant success by adapting this method, to the natural sciences, as well as to history and social sciences. Later in the 1960s, Popper, while dealing with the theory of evolution tried to establish an analogy between his understanding of science and Darwinian theory of evolution. Making this analogy requires two assumptions according to which the theory of evolution is important and valuable, and that his understanding of science is somewhat similar to the theory of evolution. From Popperian perspective the Darwinian theory of evolution gives the impression that it has scientific qualities. However, after a certain period of time, Popper changes his views on Darwinian theory of evolution. In his 1976 book, The Endless Quest, Popper argues that the Darwinian theory of evolution is an untestable metaphysical research program. At this point, a striking contradiction appears between Popper’s analogy of his conception of science with Darwinian theory of evolution and his claim that this theory is metaphysical because Popper’s idea of science is based on the distinction between science and metaphysics. Therefore, it is not totally clear why an analogy between a metaphysical research program and Popperian scienceis established at all. In line with this, the aim of this study is to reveal in a clear and understandable way the role and importance of the theory of evolution in Popper's idea of science. For this purpose, this study consists of four main parts. In the first part, Popper's intellectual life and works are explained in a chronological order. In the second part, Popper's idea of science is presented in comparison with the logical positivist’s. In the third chapter, the theory of evolution in general, and Darwinian theory of evolution in particular, are exposed with its historical aspects. Finally, in the fourth chapter, Popper's attitude and ideas towards Darwin's theory of evolution are argued. As a conclusion, it is evaluated that Popper’s analogy and arguments about Darwinian theory of evolution as metaphysical research program are not entirely sound.
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Popper, Darwin, bilim, evrim teorisi, yanlışlanabilirlik, science, theory of evolution, falsifiability
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Erdem, R., (2022). Karl Raimund Popper'ın Bilim Anlayışı Çerçevesinde Evrim Teorisinin Yeri ve Önemi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
