Tekvandocularda Branşa Özgü Teknik ve Fiziksel Performans İçin Olanaklılık Algısı
Yükleniyor...
Dosyalar
Tarih
2022
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bu araştırmada; elit ve elit olmayan tekvando sporcularının branşa özgü teknikler ve fiziksel
performanslar için algıladıkları olanaklılıkların incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya 12 elit ve 12
elit olmayan toplam 24 aktif tekvandocu dahil edilmiştir. Elit tekvandocuların yaş ortalaması 20,25 ±
3,67 yıl, boy uzunluğu ortalaması 184,58 ± 5,68 cm, vücut ağırlığı 71,46 ± 13,13 kg olarak
hesaplanmıştır. Spor deneyimi ortalaması 11,50 ± 3,26 yıl olarak bulunmuştur. Elit olmayan
tekvandocuların ise yaş ortalaması 18,42 ± 0,67 yıl, boy uzunluğu ortalaması 179,25 ± 6,77 cm, vücut
ağırlığı ortalaması 70,73 ± 13,45 kg olarak hesaplanmıştır. Spor deneyimi ortalaması 6,92 ± 2,35 yıl
olarak bulunmuştur.
Katılımcıların 10 dk serbest ısınma ve kültür- fizik hareketleri sonrasında kum torbasına
yakın bir yerde doğru bir teknik uygulaması ile hangi mesafeye ulaşabilecekleri hakkında algıladıkları
ve gerçekleştirdikleri performansları değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaç için yaklaşık 7 m yükseklikten bir
kum torbası ip vasıtası ile aşağı doğru sarkıtılmıştır. Katılımcı, bu aparatın konumuna göre kendisinin
belirlediği hızda tekme tekniklerini (dollyo chagi, sıçrayarak dollyo chagi, bandae dollyo chagi,
sıçrayarak bandae dollyo chagi) uygulayabileceği bir mesafede ayakta sabit durmuştur. Yukarıda asılı
duran kum torbasına bakması istendikten sonra her bir katılımcıya “Tekniğe uygun olarak ayak
parmak uçlarınla kum torbasına temas edebileceğin en yüksek mesafeyi tahmin edebilir misin?”
sorusu yöneltilmiştir. Katılımcıların “Dokunamam” cevabına karşılık kum torbası yaklaşık 5 cm
aşağıya indirilmiştir. Bu şekilde katılımcının kum torbasına temas edebileceğini beyan ettiği
maksimum mesafe tespit edilmiştir. Ardından kum torbası katılımcının ulaşabileceği mesafeye
getirilmiş ve bulunduğu yerde maksimum seviyede kum torbasına temas etmesi istenmiştir. Kum
torbası katılımcı temas edemediği zaman aşağıya indirilmiş, kolaylıkla temas ettiği zaman ise yukarı
doğru kaldırılmıştır. Bu şekilde her bir katılımcının maksimal teknik uygulama mesafesi tespit
edilerek kaydedilmiştir. Katılımcılardan uygulamalardan önce 3’er adet tahmin değerleri alınmıştır.
Tahminlerin sonrasında uygulama yaptırılıp mesafe kaydedilmiştir. Durarak uzun atlama testinde ise
katılımcıların çift ayak sabit duruş pozisyonundan kol salınımı ve dizlerin hareketine izin verilerek
maksimal olarak öne doğru sıçraması için algıladığı performans ve gerçek performans
değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Düz bir zemine başlangıç çizgisi çizilmiş ve katılımcının bu çizginin
hemen gerisinde her iki ayağı yan yana olacak şekilde ayakta durması ve karşıya doğru bakması
istenmiştir. Katılımcının hemen önünde bulunan bir araştırmacı 1 m uzunluğunda ince bir sopayı yere
koyarak katılımcıya buraya sıçrayıp sıçrayamayacağını sormuş, aldığı “Evet” cevabına göre yerde
duran sopa biraz daha uzağa kaydırılmıştır. Katılımcının “Hayır oraya sıçrayamam” cevabını verdiği
mesafeden bir önceki mesafeye sopa tekrar getirilmiş ve katılımcıya tekrar sopanın bulunduğu
mesafeye çift ayak ile sıçrayıp sıçrayamayacağı sorulmuştur. Böylece katılımcının sıçrayabileceğini
beyan ettiği en uzak mesafe tespit edilmiştir. Durarak uzun atlama tahmini için 3 tekrar yapılmış ve en
iyi değer kaydedilmiştir. Normallik analizlerinde Shapiro- Wilk testi uygulanmıştır. Değişkenlerin
karşılaştırılmasında 2 (elit tekvandocular ve elit olmayan tekvandocular) x 2 (gerçek ve tahmin)
Karışık Gruplarla Tekrarlı Ölçümler ANOVA analizleri uygulanmıştır. Bağımsız ikili grupların
kıyaslanmasında bağımsız örneklemler için t-testi ve Mann Whitney U testi kullanılmıştır. Bağımlı
ikili grupların karşılaştırılmasında bağımlı örneklemler için t-testi ve Wilcoxon testi uygulanmıştır.
Dollyo chagi tekniği ile vuruş mesafelerinin yüksekliklerine ait gerçek değerler gruplar
arasında karşılaştırıldığında elit tekvandocuların elit olmayan tekvandoculardan daha yüksek vuruş
vii
mesafesine (P=0,024) ve daha yüksek tahmin değerlerine sahip oldukları belirlenmiştir (p=0,001).
Sıçrayarak dollyo chagi tekniği için elit ve elit olmayan tekvandocuların gerçek ve tahmini değerleri
incelendiğinde grup ana etkisi anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Gerçek ve tahmin değerlerinin gruplar
arası karşılaştırması sonucunda elit tekvandocuların elit olmayan tekvandoculardan daha yüksek
değerlere sahip oldukları bulunmuştur (p=0,006). Bandae dollyo chagi tekniği için gerçek ve tahmin
değerlerinin gruplar arası karşılaştırması sonucunda elit tekvandocuların elit olmayan
tekvandoculardan daha yüksek değerlere sahip oldukları bulunmuştur (p=0,006). Hem elit hem elit
olmayan tekvandocuların gerçek ve tahmin değerleri arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmamıştır
(p>0,05). Ayrıca, gerçek ve tahmini değerlerden hesaplanan sabit hata ve mutlak hata değerlerinin de
elit ve elit olmayan tekvandocular arasında farklı olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Elit tekvandocuların
sıçrayarak bandae dollyo chagi tekniği ile vuruş mesafesi gerçek değerleri (p=0,033) ve tahmin
değerlerinin (p=0,018) elit olmayan tekvandoculardan daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Elit ve elit
olmayan sporcularda tüm tekniklerde gerçek ve tahmini değerlerden oluşan sabit hata ve mutlak hata
arasında fark bulunmamıştır. Durarak uzun atlama için grupların ana etkisi, zaman ana etkisi ve grup
x zaman etkileşimi için anlamlı bulunmamıştır (p˃0,05). Ayrıca sabit ve mutlak hata arasında fark
bulunmamıştır.
Sonuç olarak; tüm tekniklerde elit sporcuların elit olmayan sporculardan tahmin ve gerçek
değerleri yüksek bulunmuştur. Gruplar kendi içerisinde kıyaslandığında anlamlı bir farklılık
bulunmadığı görülmüştür. Uygulanan tekniklerde tüm katılımcıların tahmin değerlerinin gerçek
değerlerden daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Durarak uzun atlama testinde ise elit ve elit olmayan
sporcular arasında herhangi bir fark bulunmamıştır. Durarak uzun atlama testinde elit olmayan
sporcuların tahmin ve gerçek değerlerinin elit sporculardan daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür.
In this study; it is aimed to examine the affordances perceived by elite and non-elite taekwondo athletes for sport specific techniques and physical performances. A total of 24 active taekwondo athletes, 12 elite and 12 non-elite, were included in the study. The average age of elite taekwondo athletes was 20,25 ± 3,67 years, average height was 184,58 ± 5,68 cm, and body weight was 71,46 ± 13,13 kg. The average sports experience was found to be 11,50 ± 3,26 years. The average age of the non-elite taekwondo athletes was 18,42 ± 0,67 years, the average height was 179,25 ± 6,77 cm, and the average body weight was 70,73 ± 13,45 kg. The average sports experience was found to be 6,92 ± 2,35 years. After 10 minutes of free warm-up and physical culture movements, the perceptions and performances of the participants about the distance they can reach with a maximum technical application close to the kum torbası were evaluated. For this purpose, a boxing bag was suspended from a height of approximately 7 m by means of a rope. The participant stood still at a distance where he could apply kicking techniques (dollyo chagi, jumping dollyo chagi, bandae dollyo chagi, jumping bandae dollyo chagi) at a speed determined by himself according to the position of this sandbag. After being asked to look at the sandbag suspended above, the question of “Can you guess the maximum distance you can technically touch the punching bag with your toes?” was posed to each participant. In response to the participants' answer "I can't touch", the sandbag was lowered about 5 cm. In this way, the maximum distance that the participant declared that he could touch the sandbag was determined. Then, the sandbag was brought within the reach of the participant and it was asked to touch the sandbag at the maximum level where it was located. The sandbag was lowered when the participant could not touch it, and was lifted upwards when he could easily touch it. In this way, the maximum technical application distance of each participant was determined and recorded. Before the applications, 3 imputed values were taken from the participants. After the estimations, the application was performed and the distance was recorded. In the standing long jump test, the perceived performance and real performance of the participants were evaluated for maximally jumping forward by allowing the arm swing and knees to move from the double-footed standing position. The starting line was drawn on a flat surface, and the participant was asked to stand just behind this line with both feet side by side and look ahead. A researcher standing right in front of the participant put a 1 m long stick on the ground and asked the participant if he could jump here, and according to the "Yes" answer he received, the stick on the ground was moved a little further. From the distance to which the participant answered "No, I can't jump there.", the stick was brought to the previous distance again and the participant was again asked whether he could jump with both feet to the distance where the stick was. Thus, the longest distance that the participant declared that he could jump was determined. For the standing long jump estimation, 3 repetitions were performed and the best value was recorded. Shapiro-Wilk test was used for normality analysis. To compare the variables, 2 (Elite taekwondo athletes and non-elite taekwondo athletes) x 2 (Actual and Estimated) Iterative Measures with Mixed Groups ANOVA analyzes were applied. For independent samples, t-test and Mann Whitney U test were used to compare independent paired groups. For dependent samples, T-test and Wilcoxon test were used to compare dependent paired groups. ix When the actual values of the heights of hitting distances with dollyo chagi technique were compared between the groups, it was determined that the elite taekwondo athletes had higher hitting distance (P=0,024) and higher imputed values than the non-elite taekwondo athletes (p=0,001). When the actual and imputed values of elite and non-elite taekwondo athletes were examined for the Jumping Dollyo Chagi technique, the group main effect was found to be significant (p<0,05). As a result of the comparison of actual and imputed values between the groups, it was found that elite taekwondo athletes had higher values than non-elite taekwondo athletes (p=0,006). As a result of the intergroup comparison of the actual and imputed values for the Bandae dollyo chagi technique, it was found that elite taekwondo athletes had higher values than non-elite taekwondo athletes (p=0,006). There was no significant difference between the actual and imputed values of both elite and non-elite taekwondo athletes. Furthermore, it was determined that the constant error and absolute error values calculated from the actual and imputed values were not different between elite and non-elite taekwondo athletes. It was observed that the actual values (p=0,033) and imputed values (p=0,018) of the hitting distance of the elite taekwondo athletes with the jumping bandae dollyo chagi technique were higher than those of the non-elite taekwondo athletes. There was no difference between the constant error and absolute error, which consist of actual and imputed values, in all techniques in elite and non-elite athletes. The main effect of the groups for the standing long jump, the main effect of Time and the interaction of Group x Time were not significant (p˃0,05). Also, there was no difference between constant and absolute error. As a result; it was found that in all techniques, the imputed and actual values of elite athletes were higher than non-elite athletes. When the groups were compared within themselves, it was seen that there was no significant difference. In the applied techniques, it was observed that the imputed values of all participants were higher than the actual values. In the standing long jump test, there was no difference between elite and non-elite athletes. In the standing long jump test, it was seen that the imputed and actual values of the non-elite athletes were higher than the elite athletes.
In this study; it is aimed to examine the affordances perceived by elite and non-elite taekwondo athletes for sport specific techniques and physical performances. A total of 24 active taekwondo athletes, 12 elite and 12 non-elite, were included in the study. The average age of elite taekwondo athletes was 20,25 ± 3,67 years, average height was 184,58 ± 5,68 cm, and body weight was 71,46 ± 13,13 kg. The average sports experience was found to be 11,50 ± 3,26 years. The average age of the non-elite taekwondo athletes was 18,42 ± 0,67 years, the average height was 179,25 ± 6,77 cm, and the average body weight was 70,73 ± 13,45 kg. The average sports experience was found to be 6,92 ± 2,35 years. After 10 minutes of free warm-up and physical culture movements, the perceptions and performances of the participants about the distance they can reach with a maximum technical application close to the kum torbası were evaluated. For this purpose, a boxing bag was suspended from a height of approximately 7 m by means of a rope. The participant stood still at a distance where he could apply kicking techniques (dollyo chagi, jumping dollyo chagi, bandae dollyo chagi, jumping bandae dollyo chagi) at a speed determined by himself according to the position of this sandbag. After being asked to look at the sandbag suspended above, the question of “Can you guess the maximum distance you can technically touch the punching bag with your toes?” was posed to each participant. In response to the participants' answer "I can't touch", the sandbag was lowered about 5 cm. In this way, the maximum distance that the participant declared that he could touch the sandbag was determined. Then, the sandbag was brought within the reach of the participant and it was asked to touch the sandbag at the maximum level where it was located. The sandbag was lowered when the participant could not touch it, and was lifted upwards when he could easily touch it. In this way, the maximum technical application distance of each participant was determined and recorded. Before the applications, 3 imputed values were taken from the participants. After the estimations, the application was performed and the distance was recorded. In the standing long jump test, the perceived performance and real performance of the participants were evaluated for maximally jumping forward by allowing the arm swing and knees to move from the double-footed standing position. The starting line was drawn on a flat surface, and the participant was asked to stand just behind this line with both feet side by side and look ahead. A researcher standing right in front of the participant put a 1 m long stick on the ground and asked the participant if he could jump here, and according to the "Yes" answer he received, the stick on the ground was moved a little further. From the distance to which the participant answered "No, I can't jump there.", the stick was brought to the previous distance again and the participant was again asked whether he could jump with both feet to the distance where the stick was. Thus, the longest distance that the participant declared that he could jump was determined. For the standing long jump estimation, 3 repetitions were performed and the best value was recorded. Shapiro-Wilk test was used for normality analysis. To compare the variables, 2 (Elite taekwondo athletes and non-elite taekwondo athletes) x 2 (Actual and Estimated) Iterative Measures with Mixed Groups ANOVA analyzes were applied. For independent samples, t-test and Mann Whitney U test were used to compare independent paired groups. For dependent samples, T-test and Wilcoxon test were used to compare dependent paired groups. ix When the actual values of the heights of hitting distances with dollyo chagi technique were compared between the groups, it was determined that the elite taekwondo athletes had higher hitting distance (P=0,024) and higher imputed values than the non-elite taekwondo athletes (p=0,001). When the actual and imputed values of elite and non-elite taekwondo athletes were examined for the Jumping Dollyo Chagi technique, the group main effect was found to be significant (p<0,05). As a result of the comparison of actual and imputed values between the groups, it was found that elite taekwondo athletes had higher values than non-elite taekwondo athletes (p=0,006). As a result of the intergroup comparison of the actual and imputed values for the Bandae dollyo chagi technique, it was found that elite taekwondo athletes had higher values than non-elite taekwondo athletes (p=0,006). There was no significant difference between the actual and imputed values of both elite and non-elite taekwondo athletes. Furthermore, it was determined that the constant error and absolute error values calculated from the actual and imputed values were not different between elite and non-elite taekwondo athletes. It was observed that the actual values (p=0,033) and imputed values (p=0,018) of the hitting distance of the elite taekwondo athletes with the jumping bandae dollyo chagi technique were higher than those of the non-elite taekwondo athletes. There was no difference between the constant error and absolute error, which consist of actual and imputed values, in all techniques in elite and non-elite athletes. The main effect of the groups for the standing long jump, the main effect of Time and the interaction of Group x Time were not significant (p˃0,05). Also, there was no difference between constant and absolute error. As a result; it was found that in all techniques, the imputed and actual values of elite athletes were higher than non-elite athletes. When the groups were compared within themselves, it was seen that there was no significant difference. In the applied techniques, it was observed that the imputed values of all participants were higher than the actual values. In the standing long jump test, there was no difference between elite and non-elite athletes. In the standing long jump test, it was seen that the imputed and actual values of the non-elite athletes were higher than the elite athletes.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Algı, karar verme, olanaklılık, Affordance, judgement, perception
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Bayraktar, Y., (2022). Tekvandocularda Branşa Özgü Teknik ve Fiziksel Performans İçin Olanaklılık Algısı. (Doktora Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
