Bazı Baklagil Bitkilerinin Azot Fiksasyonu Üzerine Rhizobium, Azotobakter ve Kombine Aşılamanın Etkisi
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2023
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Kimyasal girdilerin yoğun kullanımı çevre üzerinde olumsuz bir etkiye sahip
olduğundan, tarımın sürdürülebilirliği küresel kaygının önemli bir konusu haline
gelmiştir. Rhizobium ve Azotobakter gibi mikrobiyal gübrelerin kullanımı, kimyasal
gübrelere olan ihtiyacı ve olumsuz çevresel etkileri azaltabilir. Toprak azotunun
kaynaklarından birisi de asimbiyotik olarak değişik bitkilerle azotobakter ve simbiyotik
olarak özellikle baklagillerle karşılıklı yaşamaya dayanan ve havanın elementel azotunu
fikse eden Rhizobium bakterileridir. Verimliliği arttırmak için kullanılan aşırı kimyasal
gübrelemenin, maliyeti artırdığı, toprağın biyolojik aktivitesini olumsuz olarak
etkilediği, ayrıca bitkilerde depolanarak ve içme sularına karışarak insan ve hayvan
sağlığı açısından önemli sorunlara neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu nedenle, bitkilerin
azot gereksinimlerinin bir kısmını daha ekonomik olan biyolojik azot fiksasyonu ile
karşılamak önem arz etmektedir. Bu amaçla tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre
serada 4 tekerrürlü olarak 2021 yılında bir araştırma yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada;
kontrol, azotlu kontrol, rhizobium, azotobakter ve rhizobium/azotobakter’in kombine
uygulamaları ile kontrollü şartlarda sera denemesi kurulmuştur. Dezenfekte edilmiş
saksılara, steril edilmiş kum ve perlit 1:1 oranında hacimsel olarak homojen bir şekilde
karıştırılarak ilave edilmiştir. Nohut (Azkan) ve Yonca (Bilensoy-80) bitkilerinin
iv
iv
tohumları %0.5’lik sodyum hipoklorit (NaClO) çözeltisi ile yüzey sterilizasyonu
yapıldıktan sonra, bakteri (rhizobium ve azotobakter) aşılamaları (1x108 CFU)
yapılmıştır. Bakterilerle aşılanan tohumlar, steril kum+perlit içeren ortamlara ekilmiştir.
Denemede kontrol ve azotlu kontrol gruplarına da nohut ve yonca tohumlarının yüzey
sterilizasyonu yapıldıktan sonra ekilmiştir. Bitkiler çiçeklenmenin %50’sini geçtiği
dönemde hasat edilmiş ve bazı ölçümler (üst aksam ve kök uzunluğu, üst aksam yaş ve
kuru ağırlık, kök yaş ve kuru ağırlık, nodül sayısı ve ağırlığı, üst aksam ve kökte azot)
yapılmıştır. Elde edilen verilere göre; Azkan nohut ve Bilensoy-80 yonca çeşidi
bitkilerinin tohumlarına rhizobium, azotobakter ve rhizobium/azotobakter kombine
bakterilerinin aşılanmasının etkileri farklı olmuş ve bu farklılıklar istatistiksel olarak
önemli (p<0.01; p<0.05) bulunmuştur. Denemede; yonca bitkisinin, bitki üst aksam
uzunluğu, bitki üst aksam kuru ağırlık, nodül sayısı, nodül ağırlığı, bitki üst aksam azot
ve kökte azot içeriğine rhizobium/azotobakter kombine aşılaması etkili olmuştur. Diğer
taraftan kök uzunluğu, bitki üst aksam yaş ağırlık, kök yaş ve kuru ağırlık üzerine ise
rhizobium aşılamasının etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bazı verim unsurları ve nodülasyon
verilerinin en düşük değerleri ise kontrol uygulamasında tespit edilmiştir. Diğer taraftan
nohut bitkisinin bitki üst aksam yaş ve kuru ağırlık, nodül sayısı, nodül ağırlığı, bitki üst
aksam azot ve kökte azot içeriğine rhizobium/azotobakter kombine aşılaması etkili
olmuştur. Bunun yanı sıra bitki üst aksam ve kök uzunluğuna rhizobium aşılaması,
nohut bitkisinin kök yaş ve kuru ağırlığına ise azotobakter aşılamasının etkili olduğu
belirlenmiştir. Yonca bitkisinde olduğu gibi, nohut bitkisinin de bazı verim unsurları ve
nodülasyon verilerinin en düşük değerleri kontrol uygulamalarında tespit edilmiştir.
As the intensive use of chemical inputs has a negative impact on the environment, the sustainability of agriculture has become a major issue of global concern. Using microbial fertilizers such as Rhizobium and Azotobacter can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and their negative environmental effects. One of the sources of soil nitrogen is the azotobacter, which is asymbiotic with different plants, and the rhizobium bacteria, which base on mutual coexistence symbiotically, especially with legumes, and fixing air nitrogen element. It has been determined that excessive chemical fertilization used to increase productivity increases the cost, negatively affects the biological activity of the soil, and causes significant problems in terms of human and animal health by storing in plants and mixing with drinking water. Therefore, it is important to supply some of the nitrogen requirements of plants with biological nitrogen fixation, which is more economical. For this purpose, according to the randomized plots experimental design, research was carried out in the greenhouse with 4 replications in 2021. In research, a greenhouse experiment was established under controlled conditions with the coinoculation of Rhizobium/azotobacter, control, nitrogenous control, Rhizobium, and azotobacter. Sterilized sand and perlite were added to the disinfected pots in a ratio of 1:1 by volume and mixed homogeneously. Rhizobium and azotobacter inoculations were applied to chickpea (Azkan) and alfalfa (Bilensoy-80) seeds after surface sterilization with a 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution (1x108 CFU). Seeds inoculated with bacteria were planted in a medium containing sterile sand + perlite. In the study, the control and nitrogenous control groups were also planted after surface sterilization of chickpea and alfalfa seeds. Plants were harvested when they reached 50% of flowering, and some plant parameters (upper part and root length, upper part wet and dry weight, root wet and dry weight, number and weight of nodules, nitrogen in the upper part and root) were obtained. According to the data obtained, the effects of inoculation with rhizobium, azotobacterium, and co-inoculation of rhizobium/azotobacter bacteria on the seeds of Azkan chickpea and Bilensoy-80 alfalfa variety plants were different, and these differences were found to be statistically significant (p<0.01; p<0.05). In the experiment, co-inoculation with Rhizobium/Azotobacter was effective on plant upper part length, plant upper part dry weight, number of nodules, nodule weight, plant upper part nitrogen, and nitrogen content in the roots of alfalfa plants. On the other hand, rhizobium inoculations were determined to be effective on root length, plant upper part wet weight, and root wet and dry weight. The lowest levels of nodulation values and some yield components were determined in the control application. As opposed to that, Rhizobium/Azotobacter coinoculation was effective in the wet and dry weight of the upper part, nodule number, nodule weight, nitrogen in the upper part of the plant, and nitrogen content in the root of the chickpea plant. In addition, it was determined that rhizobium inoculation was effective on the upper part and root length of the plant, and azotobacter inoculation on the root wet and dry weight of the chickpea plant. As in the alfalfa plant, the lowest levels of nodulation values and some yield components of the chickpea were identified in the control application.
As the intensive use of chemical inputs has a negative impact on the environment, the sustainability of agriculture has become a major issue of global concern. Using microbial fertilizers such as Rhizobium and Azotobacter can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and their negative environmental effects. One of the sources of soil nitrogen is the azotobacter, which is asymbiotic with different plants, and the rhizobium bacteria, which base on mutual coexistence symbiotically, especially with legumes, and fixing air nitrogen element. It has been determined that excessive chemical fertilization used to increase productivity increases the cost, negatively affects the biological activity of the soil, and causes significant problems in terms of human and animal health by storing in plants and mixing with drinking water. Therefore, it is important to supply some of the nitrogen requirements of plants with biological nitrogen fixation, which is more economical. For this purpose, according to the randomized plots experimental design, research was carried out in the greenhouse with 4 replications in 2021. In research, a greenhouse experiment was established under controlled conditions with the coinoculation of Rhizobium/azotobacter, control, nitrogenous control, Rhizobium, and azotobacter. Sterilized sand and perlite were added to the disinfected pots in a ratio of 1:1 by volume and mixed homogeneously. Rhizobium and azotobacter inoculations were applied to chickpea (Azkan) and alfalfa (Bilensoy-80) seeds after surface sterilization with a 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution (1x108 CFU). Seeds inoculated with bacteria were planted in a medium containing sterile sand + perlite. In the study, the control and nitrogenous control groups were also planted after surface sterilization of chickpea and alfalfa seeds. Plants were harvested when they reached 50% of flowering, and some plant parameters (upper part and root length, upper part wet and dry weight, root wet and dry weight, number and weight of nodules, nitrogen in the upper part and root) were obtained. According to the data obtained, the effects of inoculation with rhizobium, azotobacterium, and co-inoculation of rhizobium/azotobacter bacteria on the seeds of Azkan chickpea and Bilensoy-80 alfalfa variety plants were different, and these differences were found to be statistically significant (p<0.01; p<0.05). In the experiment, co-inoculation with Rhizobium/Azotobacter was effective on plant upper part length, plant upper part dry weight, number of nodules, nodule weight, plant upper part nitrogen, and nitrogen content in the roots of alfalfa plants. On the other hand, rhizobium inoculations were determined to be effective on root length, plant upper part wet weight, and root wet and dry weight. The lowest levels of nodulation values and some yield components were determined in the control application. As opposed to that, Rhizobium/Azotobacter coinoculation was effective in the wet and dry weight of the upper part, nodule number, nodule weight, nitrogen in the upper part of the plant, and nitrogen content in the root of the chickpea plant. In addition, it was determined that rhizobium inoculation was effective on the upper part and root length of the plant, and azotobacter inoculation on the root wet and dry weight of the chickpea plant. As in the alfalfa plant, the lowest levels of nodulation values and some yield components of the chickpea were identified in the control application.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Rhizobium, Azotobakter, Aşılama, Simbiyotik ve Asimbiyotik azot fiksasyonu, Azotobacter, Inoculation, Symbiotic and Asymbiotic nitrogen fixation
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
İncekara, S., (2023). Bazı Baklagil Bitkilerinin Azot Fiksasyonu Üzerine Rhizobium, Azotobakter ve Kombine Aşılamanın Etkisi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
