Kentleşmenin bir sonucu olarak gecekondu ve gecekonduya alternatif çözümler
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2013
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bu çalışmada, Türkiye?de kentleşmenin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan gecekondu sorunu ve bu soruna alternatif çözümler ele alınmıştır.Nüfusu imkânlarından daha hızlı artan kentler, göçlerle kente gelen nüfusun barınma gereksinimlerini meşru yollarla karşılayamayınca ?gecekondulaşma? kentsel mekanda boy göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla; göç, kentleşme ve gecekondulaşma arasında yakın bir ilişki vardır. Gecekondu aynı zamanda toplumsal anlamda, kırsal niteliklerden kentsel niteliklere geçişi simgeleyen bir geçiş kültürüdür. Bunun yanı sıra, gecekondulular, kentle bütünleşme çabasında tampon mekanizma işlevi gören, kendilerine özgü dayanışma ağları (aile, akrabalık, hemşehrilik ilişkileri) içine girerler. Bu ilişkilerin ekonomik, kültürel ve siyasi işlevleri vardır. Dolayısıyla, gecekondu olgusu, sadece mekansal boyutuyla değil; toplumsal ve kültürel niteliğiyle de anlaşılması gereken önemli bir konudur.Gecekondulaşma tarihine baktığımızda, kentleşme tarihimiz kadar eskilere dayanmakta olduğu görülmektedir. Bu süreç içinde, gecekondu ve gecekondulunun sorunları çözümden uzak, etkin olmayan politikalarla ve yasal düzenlemelerle halledilmeye çalışılmış; ancak, gecekondu yapımının önüne geçilememiştir. Özellikle 1980`lerden sonra gecekondulaşma daha da artmış ve esnek olan kanunlar nedeniyle gecekondu yapılan arazi insanların özel mülk alanı olmuş ve bu da birçok insanı gecekondu yapmaya itmiştir. Günümüzde, kentsel toprakların sınırına ulaşmasıyla gecekondu sorununun bittiği, sorunun adının artık gecekondu dönüşümü olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Gecekondu sorununa güncel bir çözüm önerisi olarak getirilen kentsel dönüşüm projeleri, kentlerimizin gecekondu ve çöküntü alanlarının yeniden üretilerek kente kazandırılmasını amaçlamaktadır. Kentsel dönüşüm projeleri, aslında, dönüşüm alanlarının ekonomik, sosyal, fiziksel ve çevresel yapısının uzun vadeli olarak iyileştirilmesini hedefler. Ancak bu projeler, yerel yönetimler ve farklı çıkar grupları için bir gelir kaynağına dönüşmeye başlamıştır. Dolayısıyla asıl hedeften bir sapma söz konusudur. Ayrıca, kentsel dönüşüm projelerinin uzun vadedeki uygulama sonuçlarının, kentte farklı sorunlara yol açacağı söylenmektedir.Çalışmamızda kentsel dönüşümden ziyade var olan gecekondu semtlerine alt yapı ve modern yaşanılabilir imkanlar sunulması gerektiği vurgulanmıştır. Çünkü yapılan kentsel dönüşüm zaten çoğu köy yaşamını sürdürmekte olan gecekondu insanı için kendine yabancılaşma olacaktır. Bahçesini ekemeyecek, birbirleriyle olan sosyal yaşamları kısıtlanacak ve karşı komşularının bile kim olduğunu bilmeden yaşayacak olmanın verdiği yabancılaşma gecekonduluyu kendi kabuğuna çekilmeye itecek ve sosyal hayatını bitirecektir. Bu nedenle gecekondulaşmayı önlemek yerine köylere, kasabalara yakın yerlerde sanayileşmenin yapılması insanların göç etme zorunluluğunu yok edecektir ve alıştıkları hayattan kopmayacak olan köy ve kasabalı halkı kendine yabancılaşmayarak alıştıkları hayatı devam ettirecektir. Yine kadınlar toplanıp yufka ekmeklerini yapmaya devam edecek, birlikte halılar yıkanacak, düğünlerde imece usulü herkes üzerine düşeni yapacak?. Yani kısacası insanlar arasındaki birincil ilişkiler devam edecek.Kısacası; gecekondulaşma sanayileşmiş şehirlerin kaçınılmaz bir yönüdür. Bunları engellemek sanayi kaynaklarının yerlerini çoğaltmakla olabilir. Zaten var olan gecekonduları da yıkmak yerine bakımları yaptırılıp daha yaşanılır bir hale büründürmektir. Çünkü bunları yıkıp yerlerine toplu konut yapmak yıllardır gecekondu kültüründe yetişmiş birincil ilişkilere hakim insanlar için büyük bir yıkımdır. Bu insanların yaşam tarzını değiştirmek yerine bahsettiğimiz çözümleri sunmak daha akli bir karar olacaktır.
In this study, the shanty problem which has arisen as a result of the urbanization in Turkey and alternative solutions for this problem have been dwelled on. When the towns of which the population rises faster than its opportunities are not able to meet the accommodation necessity of the population which immigrated to those towns; ?squatting? begins to appear in the urban area. Therefore ; there exists a close relation between immigration, urbanization and squatting. Shanty ; at the same time, in social means, is a transition culture symbolizing the transition from rural qualifications towards urban features. Besides, shanties enter into specific solidarity nets ( family, affinity, citizenship relations) which functions as a buffer action within the effort for integration with the town. These relations? have economic, cultural and political functions. Therefore, fact of shanty is an important issue which is not only required to be comprehended with its spatial dimension but with its social and cultural natures as well.When we observe the squatting history, it is seen that it dates back to old times just like our urbanization history. Within this process , problems of shanty and squatters have been tried to resolved by policies and legal regulations which are beyond the solution and ineffective; but , the construction of shanties could not be prevented. Particularly after 1980s, squatting has increased more, and due to flexible laws the land in which shanties were constructed have become people?s private property and this has driven a lot of people to construct shanties. Today, upon the urban lands? reaching to their limits, it is emphasized that the problem of shanty has expired and the name of the challenge is now defined as ; the shanty conversion. Urban transformation projects which have been introduced as an updated solution proposal for the problem of shanty aims that our towns? shanty and debris/ collapse areas should be re-produced thus shall be regained into the town. Urban transformation projects, indeed, aims to provide the long term improvement of the economic, social, physical and environmental structure of the transformation areas. However, these projects have begun to convert into a source of income for local administrations and different interest groups. Therefore, a deviation from the original objective exists herein. Besides, application results of the urban transformation projects within the long term period are said to create different problems in the city. In our study, rather than urban transformation, it is emphasized that existing shanties should be provided infrastructure and modern life opportunities. Because the executed urban transformation shall be self-alienation for the shanty people who are already living a village- life. He shall not be able to plant his own garden, their social relation with each other shall be restricted, and self- alienation caused by living without knowing their opposite neighbors shall push the squatters to go into their shell and their social life shall be terminated. For this reason, instead of preventing the squatting, bringing the industrialization to the places nearby villages and small towns shall remove people?s immigration necessity and the village and small town people who are not required to abandon their general life style shall not be self- alienated and shall maintain to live their accustomed life style. Women shall meet again and continue to make their pastry bread, carpets shall be washed together, and everybody shall do their part in the manner of collective work in weddings.. That?s to say; primary relations between people shall continue.In short ; squatting is the inevitable aspect of industrialized cities. This may be prevented by increasing the places of the industrial sources and to provide the maintenance of the shanties which already exists and bring them into a more convenient places for living, instead of demolishing them. Because demolishing these shanties and replacing them with mass housings is big collapse for the people who raised in shanty culture and who are dominant to primary relations To present above mentioned solutions instead of changing these peoples ` life style shall be a more logical decision.
In this study, the shanty problem which has arisen as a result of the urbanization in Turkey and alternative solutions for this problem have been dwelled on. When the towns of which the population rises faster than its opportunities are not able to meet the accommodation necessity of the population which immigrated to those towns; ?squatting? begins to appear in the urban area. Therefore ; there exists a close relation between immigration, urbanization and squatting. Shanty ; at the same time, in social means, is a transition culture symbolizing the transition from rural qualifications towards urban features. Besides, shanties enter into specific solidarity nets ( family, affinity, citizenship relations) which functions as a buffer action within the effort for integration with the town. These relations? have economic, cultural and political functions. Therefore, fact of shanty is an important issue which is not only required to be comprehended with its spatial dimension but with its social and cultural natures as well.When we observe the squatting history, it is seen that it dates back to old times just like our urbanization history. Within this process , problems of shanty and squatters have been tried to resolved by policies and legal regulations which are beyond the solution and ineffective; but , the construction of shanties could not be prevented. Particularly after 1980s, squatting has increased more, and due to flexible laws the land in which shanties were constructed have become people?s private property and this has driven a lot of people to construct shanties. Today, upon the urban lands? reaching to their limits, it is emphasized that the problem of shanty has expired and the name of the challenge is now defined as ; the shanty conversion. Urban transformation projects which have been introduced as an updated solution proposal for the problem of shanty aims that our towns? shanty and debris/ collapse areas should be re-produced thus shall be regained into the town. Urban transformation projects, indeed, aims to provide the long term improvement of the economic, social, physical and environmental structure of the transformation areas. However, these projects have begun to convert into a source of income for local administrations and different interest groups. Therefore, a deviation from the original objective exists herein. Besides, application results of the urban transformation projects within the long term period are said to create different problems in the city. In our study, rather than urban transformation, it is emphasized that existing shanties should be provided infrastructure and modern life opportunities. Because the executed urban transformation shall be self-alienation for the shanty people who are already living a village- life. He shall not be able to plant his own garden, their social relation with each other shall be restricted, and self- alienation caused by living without knowing their opposite neighbors shall push the squatters to go into their shell and their social life shall be terminated. For this reason, instead of preventing the squatting, bringing the industrialization to the places nearby villages and small towns shall remove people?s immigration necessity and the village and small town people who are not required to abandon their general life style shall not be self- alienated and shall maintain to live their accustomed life style. Women shall meet again and continue to make their pastry bread, carpets shall be washed together, and everybody shall do their part in the manner of collective work in weddings.. That?s to say; primary relations between people shall continue.In short ; squatting is the inevitable aspect of industrialized cities. This may be prevented by increasing the places of the industrial sources and to provide the maintenance of the shanties which already exists and bring them into a more convenient places for living, instead of demolishing them. Because demolishing these shanties and replacing them with mass housings is big collapse for the people who raised in shanty culture and who are dominant to primary relations To present above mentioned solutions instead of changing these peoples ` life style shall be a more logical decision.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kentleşme, Urbanization, Çarpık kentleşme, Non-planned urbanization, Gecekondular, Squatters
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Demirci, E. (2013). Kentleşmenin bir sonucu olarak gecekondu ve gecekonduya alternatif çözümleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Yayımlanmış yüksek lisans tezi, Konya.
