Tarihi taş anıtlardaki bozunmaların tespitine ve çözümlerine ilişkin bir model önerisi: Karaman Madenşehri nekropol anıtları örneği
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Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
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Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Karaman il sınırları içerisinde bulunan Karadağ, diğer adıyla Binbirkilise, Hititler'den Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu'nun son dönemlerine kadar, önemli bir dini ve kültürel merkez olarak varlığını sürdürmüştür. Bölgede, bu dönemlere tarihlenen, birçok anıt bulunmaktadır. Bölge anıtları içerisinde; ait oldukları dönem, inşa sistemleri ve özgün formları ile iki mezar anıtı dikkat çekmektedir. Bu mezar anıtları, 2015 yılında Karaman Müzesi tarafından gerçekleştirilen arkeolojik kazılar ile tamamıyla ortaya çıkartılmışlardır. Arkeolojik kazılar sonrasında, bu mezar anıtlarında, bozunma problemleri görülmeye başlanmıştır. Anıtlarda gözlenen bozunma problemlerinin; atmosferik, biyolojik ve antropojenik kökenli oldukları belirlenmiştir. Bu anıtların, sürdürülebilir bir biçimde korunması ve gelecek nesillere aktarılması için, yapılarda ve yapı taşlarındaki bozunmalar ile bu bozunmalara neden olan mekanizmaların, doğru ve hassas bir biçimde teşhis edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu teşhislerden sonra, bozunma mekanizmalarını durdurabilecek ve bozunmalara karşı çözüm oluşturabilecek, bir model önerisi geliştirmek mümkün olabilecektir. Bu amaçlarla; anıtların görsel ve mimari belgelemeleri yapılmış, anıtlarda gözlem yoluyla tespit edilen bozunmalar haritalandırılmış, anıtlardaki yapı taşlarının litolojik analizleri gerçekleştirilmiş, anıtların yapı taşları üzerinde NDT uygulamaları yapılmış ve anıtların yapı taşlarının elde edildiği antik taş ocağı bulunarak, buradan laboratuvar deneyleri için blok numuneler derlenmiştir. Derlenen numunelerden, laboratuvar çalışmaları ile yapılarda kullanılan kayacın karakteristik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Kayacın, laboratuvarda tespit edilen jeomekanik özellikleri ile sahada yapı taşları üzerinde gerçekleştirilen NDT uygulamalarından elde edilen veriler kıyaslanarak, yapı taşlarındaki bozunmalar belirlenmiştir. Anıtlarda, gözlem yoluyla tespit edilen ve haritalandırılan bozunmalar ve NDT uygulamaları ile tespit edilen bozunmalar karşılaştırılarak, yapı taşlarında bozunmaya neden olan faktörler ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca, mevsimsel olarak yapılan NDT ölçümleri ile de yapı taşlarında bozunmaya neden olan sıcaklık ve nem davranışları tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda anıtlarda, en çok bozunma gösteren kesimlerin, arkeolojik kazılar ile topraktan kontrolsüzce çıkartılan ve yüzeylerinde beyaz kabuk bulunan yapı taşları ile üst örtüde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca; yapı özellikleri, yapı tahribatları, bakı ve mikroklimatik koşulların da, bozunma süreçleri üzerinde etkili oldukları görülmüştür. Bu çıkarımlar ışığında, anıtlarda gözlenen bozunmalara ve bozunma mekanizmalarına yönelik olarak; çevre iyileştirmesi, düzeltme, tamamlama, bütünleme, dolgu, enjeksiyon, drenaj ve temizlik müdahaleleri önerilmiştir.
Karadağ, also known as Binbirkilise, which is located within the borders of the province of Karaman, had continued to exist as an important religious and cultural center, from the Hittites to the last periods of the Eastern Roman Empire. There are many monuments in the region that are dated to these periods. Among the region monuments; two tomb monuments are noteworthy for their period, construction systems and original forms. These tomb monuments were completely unearthed during the archaeological excavations carried out by the Karaman Museum in 2015. After archaeological excavations, deterioration problems started to appear in these tomb monuments. The deterioration problems observed in the monuments; It is determined that they have atmospheric, biological and anthropogenic origin. In order for these monuments to be sustainably protected and transferred to future generations, the deterioration in buildings and building stones and the mechanisms causing these deterioration must be accurately and precisely identified. After these diagnoses, it will be possible to develop a model proposal that will stop the deterioration mechanisms and create solutions against the deterioration. For these purposes; visual and architectural documentation of the monuments were made, the deterioration detected by observations in the monuments were mapped, lithological analysis of the building stones in the monuments were performed, NDT applications were made on the building stones of the monuments, and the ancient quarry where the building stones of the monuments were obtained was found and block samples were collected from there for laboratory experiments. From the collected samples, the characteristics of the rock used in the monuments were determined by laboratory studies. By comparing the geomechanical properties of the rock determined in the laboratory and data from NDT applications on building stones in the field, the deterioration of the building stones was determined. In the monuments, the deterioration detected and mapped by observation and the deterioration detected by NDT applications comparing, the factors causing the deterioration in the building stones were tried to be revealed. In addition, with seasonal NDT measurements, temperature and moisture behaviors that causing deterioration in the building stones were determined. As a result of the study, it has been determined that in the monuments, the sections showing the most deterioration are in the building stones that were uncontrollably uncovered from the soil by archaeological excavations and have the white crust on their surfaces, and are in the top cover of the monuments. In addition; building properties, building destructions, aspects and microclimatic conditions were also found to be effective on deterioration processes. In the light of these inferences, regarding the deterioration and deterioration mechanisms observed in the monuments; environmental improvement, stone correction, completion, integration, filling, injection, drainage and cleaning interventions have been proposed.
Karadağ, also known as Binbirkilise, which is located within the borders of the province of Karaman, had continued to exist as an important religious and cultural center, from the Hittites to the last periods of the Eastern Roman Empire. There are many monuments in the region that are dated to these periods. Among the region monuments; two tomb monuments are noteworthy for their period, construction systems and original forms. These tomb monuments were completely unearthed during the archaeological excavations carried out by the Karaman Museum in 2015. After archaeological excavations, deterioration problems started to appear in these tomb monuments. The deterioration problems observed in the monuments; It is determined that they have atmospheric, biological and anthropogenic origin. In order for these monuments to be sustainably protected and transferred to future generations, the deterioration in buildings and building stones and the mechanisms causing these deterioration must be accurately and precisely identified. After these diagnoses, it will be possible to develop a model proposal that will stop the deterioration mechanisms and create solutions against the deterioration. For these purposes; visual and architectural documentation of the monuments were made, the deterioration detected by observations in the monuments were mapped, lithological analysis of the building stones in the monuments were performed, NDT applications were made on the building stones of the monuments, and the ancient quarry where the building stones of the monuments were obtained was found and block samples were collected from there for laboratory experiments. From the collected samples, the characteristics of the rock used in the monuments were determined by laboratory studies. By comparing the geomechanical properties of the rock determined in the laboratory and data from NDT applications on building stones in the field, the deterioration of the building stones was determined. In the monuments, the deterioration detected and mapped by observation and the deterioration detected by NDT applications comparing, the factors causing the deterioration in the building stones were tried to be revealed. In addition, with seasonal NDT measurements, temperature and moisture behaviors that causing deterioration in the building stones were determined. As a result of the study, it has been determined that in the monuments, the sections showing the most deterioration are in the building stones that were uncontrollably uncovered from the soil by archaeological excavations and have the white crust on their surfaces, and are in the top cover of the monuments. In addition; building properties, building destructions, aspects and microclimatic conditions were also found to be effective on deterioration processes. In the light of these inferences, regarding the deterioration and deterioration mechanisms observed in the monuments; environmental improvement, stone correction, completion, integration, filling, injection, drainage and cleaning interventions have been proposed.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Andezit yapı taşı, Binbirkilise, Andesite building stone, Binbirkilise, Bozunma, Karadağ, Karaman, Tahribatsız test teknikleri, Taş bozunması, Stone deterioration, Deterioration, Nondestructive testing techniques
Kaynak
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Scopus Q Değeri
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Künye
Tosunlar, M. B. (2021). Tarihi taş anıtlardaki bozunmaların tespitine ve çözümlerine ilişkin bir model önerisi: Karaman Madenşehri nekropol anıtları örneği. (Doktora Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
