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Öğe Assessment of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Elevation Data Based on Topographic Maps in Turkey(CARTOGRAPHY & GEOGRAPHIC INFOR SOC, 2009) Bildirici, İbrahim Öztuğ; Üstün, Aydın; Selvi, Hüseyin Zahit; Abbak, Ramazan Alpay; Buğdaycı, İlkayDepending oil scale, topographic maps depicting the shape of the land surfaces Of the Earth are produced from different data sources. National topographic maps at a scale of 1:25 000 (25K maps) produced by General Command of Mapping are used as the base map set in Turkey. This map set, which consists of approximately 5500 sheets, covers the Whole country and is produced using photogrammetric methods. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) created From these maps are also available. Recently, another data source, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometric data, has become more important than those produced by conventional methods. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) contains elevation data with 3 arc-second resolution and 16 in absolute height error (90 percent confidence level). These data are freely available via the Internet for approximately 80 percent of the Earth's land mass. In this study, SRTM DEM was compared with DEM derived From 25K topographic maps for different parts of Turkey. The study areas, each covering four neighboring 25K maps, and having all area of approximately 600 km(2), were chosen to represent various terrain characteristics. For the comparison, DEMs created from the 25K maps were obtained and organized as files for each map sheet in vector format, containing the digitized contour lines. From these data, DEMs in the resolution of 3 arc-second were created (25K-DEM), in the same structure as the SRTM DEM, allowing the 25K-DEMs and the SRTM DEM to be compared directly. The results show that the agreement of SRTM IN M to the 25K-DEM is within about 13 in, which is less than the SRTM's targeted error of 16 in. The spatial distribution of the height differences between SRTM-DEM and the 25K-DEM and correlation analysis show that the differences were mainly related to the topography of the test. areas. In some areas, local height shifts were determined.Öğe Assessment of shuttle radar topography mission elevation data based on torographic maps in Turkey(2009) Bildirici, İbrahim Öztuğ; Üstün, Aydın; Selvi, Hüseyin Zahit; Abbak, Ramazan Alpay; Buğdaycı, İlkayDepending on scale, topographic maps depicting the shape of the land surfaces of the Earth are produced from different data sources. National topographic maps at a scale of 1:25 000 (25K maps) produced by General Command of Mapping are used as the base map set in Turkey. This map set, which consists of approximately 5500 sheets, covers the whole country and is produced using photogrammetric methods. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) created from these maps are also available. Recently, another data source, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometric data, has become more important than those produced by conventional methods. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) contains elevation data with 3 arc-second resolution and 16 m absolute height error (90 percent confidence level). These data are freely available via the Internet for approximately 80 percent of the Earth's land mass. In this study, SRTM DEM was compared with DEM derived from 25K topographic maps for different parts of Turkey. The study areas, each covering four neighboring 25K maps, and having an area of approximately 600 km2, were chosen to represent various terrain characteristics. For the comparison, DEMs created from the 25K maps were obtained and organized as files for each map sheet in vector format, containing the digitized contour lines. From these data, DEMs in the resolution of 3 arc-second were created (25K-DEM), in the same structure as the SRTM DEM, allowing the 25K-DEMs and the SRTM DEM to be compared directly. The results show that the agreement of SRTM DEM to the 25K-DEM is within about 13 m, which is less than the SRTM's targeted error of 16 m. The spatial distribution of the height differences between SRTM-DEM and the 25K-DEM and correlation analysis show that the differences were mainly related to the topography of the test areas. In some areas, local height shifts were determined.Öğe Buhom: a program for enhancement of geometric topologic consistency of building objects(International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2004) Bildirici, İbrahim Öztuğ; Heidorn, D.Vector data is captured using various methods, e.g. manual digitizing, automatic vectorization etc. Errors or inconsistencies, e.g. self-cutting polygons, identical points etc, can not be avoided, even if digitizing is done very carefully. Vector data must be analyzed and corrected prior to any GIS application. This process is called "line-cleaning". In this paper we introduce a computer program that is capable of analyzing of building objects. It can correct digitizing errors and improve geometric quality of data, doing right angle adjustment, making buildings parallel to streets etc. The program was designed to process building objects before generalization with CHANGE generalization software package. However, it can also be used independently. © 2004 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. All rights reserved.Öğe Building and road generalization with the CHANGE generalization software using Turkish topographic base map data(American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, 2004) Bildirici, İbrahim ÖztuğThe CHANGE generalization software package developed by the University of Hanover was applied to Turkish topographic base map data. The package is capable of processing roads and buildings. Through support programs, several benefits were gained, including a reliable data conversion between the internal file format of the package and DXF, improved geometric quality of the building data before generalization, and statistical evaluation of generalization results. Because the package runs in batch mode, the ACAD MAP CAD and GIS software package was used as a graphic interface, which has more functionality than a simple interface in this study. The paper introduces a generalization approach which can be implemented in a practical setting. An overview of the results of the case study shows the evident applicability of this approach.Öğe Color calibration of scanners using polynomial transformation(International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2004) Yılmaz, İbrahim; Bildirici, İbrahim Öztuğ; Yakar, Murat; Yıldız, FerruhDigital imaging is a rapid growing area with the developments in computer technology. Digital color use has become a conventional tool in many disciplines, such as cartography remote sensing and photogrammetry. The need for better color quality enforces digital imaging industry to produce devices with less color distortions. Despite the today’s advanced level of technology, it is known that input and output devices cause color distortions, which depends on the quality of the device itself. Scanners, being peripheral devices that capture the image of an object, are mostly used input devices in digital imaging. In this study color accuracy of desktop scanners is handled. A method based on polynomial transformation, which makes possible to map device dependent colors to device independents ones, is introduced. Tests on five different desktop scanners show the evident applicability of the method. © 2014 ISPRS. All Rights Reserved.Öğe Comparison of ASTER and SRTM digital elevation models at one-arc-second resolution over Turkey(Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi, 2017) Bildirici, İbrahim Öztuğ; Abbak, Ramazan AlpayIn February 2000, the “Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)” satellite captured elevation data by scanning the Earth landmasses between the 60o North and South latitudes. After the mission of 11 days, the collected data were processed, and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) within one arc-second resolution for United States and three arc-second resolutions for the other parts of the globe was created and published on the NASA servers. Recently, a global SRTM DEM with one-arc-second resolution has been released. Additionally, ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) is a sensor boarded on the Terra satellite in 1999. The sensor has been collecting satellite imagery since 2000. The ASTER GDEM at one-second resolution was released to the public, which is the most complete DEM of the earth ever made. In this study, SRTM and ASTER DEMs with one arc-second resolution over Turkish territory was evaluated by means of a local DEM produced from 1:25K national topographic maps. Results show that the accuracy of the SRTM DEM is better than the ASTER GDEM with respect to the local DEM.Öğe Compilation of digital elevation model for Turkey in 3-arc-second resolution by using SRTM data supported with local elevation data(Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010) Bildirici, İbrahim Öztuğ; Üstün, Aydın; Uluğtekin, Nesibe Necla; Selvi, Hüseyin Zahit; Abbak, Ramazan Alpay; Buğdaycı, İlkay; Doğru, Ahmet ÖzgürIn February 2000, the Space Shuttle Endeavour of the “Shuttle Radar Topography Mission” (SRTM) launched by NASA collected elevation data by scanning the earth landmasses between ~60º north and south parallels. After this 11 days mission, the collected data were processed, and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) at 1-arc-second – and also 3-arc-second – resolution was created. SRTM DEM contains data voids because of several disturbing effects. The proportion of data voids in Turkey (0.17% for second corrected version) is approximately same as the global proportion (0.15%). The data voids are the most important obstacles for efficient use of the data. DEMs with high resolution are important data sources for all disciplines in geosciences. Since collecting such data and creating DEM are both time consuming and expensive processes, many scientists have been studied on filling these voids in a reliable way. The aim of this paper is to present the results of a project, which aims to validate the SRTM within Turkish territory, and to create a DEM based on the SRTM data covering the same area without data voids. The validation of SRTM was performed using following ground truth data sets: topographic maps (25K maps) and DGPS tracks. The executed statistical analysis for accuracy assessment of SRTM within Turkish territory gives the results consistent with those of global analyses performed by several researchers. The voids are visually classified as the clustering and the scattered voids. The clustering voids were filled with a local data source. For this purpose the 1:25000 scaled national topographic map set (25K maps) was used. The scattered voids were filled with interpolation. As a result of the project, which was completed in September 2008, a complete DEM of Turkey at 3-arc-second resolution has been created and published via Internet for the use of researchers and professionals in geosciences. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010.Öğe Kümeleme analizi sonuçlarının tematik haritalar ile görselleştirilmesi(2018) Bildirici, İbrahim Öztuğ; Afacan, NurbanuKümeleme analizi ile birden çok konuda ortak özellikleri olan nesneler bulunur. Tematik kartografyada iller, ilçeler gibi veri toplama birimleri nesneler olarak kabul edilip, kümeleme analizi ile seçilen konularda ortak özelliğe sahip bölgeler belirlenerek, elde edilen sonuçlar tematik haritalar halinde ilgili kullanıcılara sunulabilir. Bu çalışmada bu yaklaşımın uygulanabilirliği ele alınmış, iller bazında seçilen suç ve işsizlik konuları bakımından ortak özelliğe sahip il grupları belirlenmiştir. Bu şekilde ülke bazında seçilen konular açısından görsel bir değerlendirme yapma olanağı karar vericilere sunulmuş olmaktadırÖğe Landmark Orientation and Map Design for Pedestrians: Prototype of a Selcuk University Campus Area Pedestrian Navigation System(Bulgarian Cartographic Assoc, 2016) Selvi, Huseyin Zahit; Bildirici, İbrahim Öztuğ; Uluğtekin, NeclaOrientation software produced today is generally designed for the navigation of cars. However, the navigation needs of pedestrians are different from those of drivers. The aim of this study is the design of a cartographic interface that supports the navigation of pedestrians in unfamiliar areas using landmarks and evaluation of this geo-mobile application by usability testing. In this study, an approach to landmark orientation based on the Voronoi diagram is proposed. Furthermore, the developed mobile application that uses this approach is explained in detail. The results of user tests are also given.Öğe Learning Scale Factor: A Case Study with the Help of the 6th Grade Pupils in Konya/Turkey(Bulgarian Cartographic Assoc, 2012) Buğdaycı, İlkay; Bildirici, İbrahim Öztuğ; Uluğtekin, NeclaAn important aim of the social studies and geography courses in the primary and secondary school are to gain the ability of reading, analyzing, understanding maps and map concepts. Pupils in our education system learn map concepts in primary school between 4 (10 age) and 7 grade (13 age) in social studies courses firstly. There are many maps regarding as geographical and historical themes in social studies textbooks that is designed or developed by Turkish Ministry of Education. To analyze current situation and map use in social studies courses, a study been done with social study course teachers in earlier research. By this study we have concluded that children could not understand scale factor mostly. Beside on this result a study has been done by using an exercise attached in 6th grade social study textbook with 21 pupils, and an alternative exercise which designed by researchers instead of textbook, with 19 pupils. Before these exercises we applied pre-test to evaluate if pupils know scale factor generally or not, and after we applied these exercises. We compared these exercises and test, and we obtained some results related to why pupils could not understand scale factor easily. In this paper we are going to analyze results in terms of the guano) of exercise and teaching method.Öğe MRDB approach to handle and visualise multiple DLM's in a consistent way(International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2004) Anders, Karl Heinrich; Bildirici, İbrahim ÖztuğA Multi-resolution/representation-database (MRDB) can be described as a spatial database, which can be used to store the same realworld-phenomena at different levels of precision, accuracy and resolution. Furthermore these phenomena can be stored in different ways of presentation or symbolisation. In an MRDB, different views on the same physical objects or phenomena can be stored and linked. This variety of sights can stem from different views of the world, different applications, as well as different resolutions. These lead to differences in the objects as such, i.e. in the semantics and in the geometry. There are several reasons for introducing a MRDB: On the one hand it allows a multi-scale analysis of the data: Information in one resolution can be analysed with respect to information given in another resolution. On the other hand a major reason for National Mapping Agencies to investigate and implement MRDB is the possibility of propagating updates between the scales, which is also called "incremental generalisation". In a cooperation with the German Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (BKG) we are developing at the ikg an automatic model generalisation und update (data revision) system for the German ATKIS (Authoritative Topographic-Cartographic Information System). In this paper we will describe the structure and functionality of our ATKIS MRDB, which is based on an Oracle database system as storage component and the ESRI ArcGIS system as the user interface to the MRDB. © 2004 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. All rights reserved.Öğe Numerical Inverse Transformation for Map Projections(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2003) Bildirici, İbrahim ÖztuğIn cartography map projections are used to transform geographical coordinates to plane coordinates. This is called forward transformation. For many geographic information system (GIS) applications paper maps are digitised, and so captured data are integrated into another data set. In this situation plane coordinates should be transformed into geographical coordinates. This process is called inverse transformation. This paper discusses two numerical methods for inverse transformation, if the projection or projection parameters of the digitised paper map are not exactly known. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Ortogonal olmayan coğrafi ağlı harita projeksiyonlarında tissot endikatris elemanlarının belirlenmesi(2016) Bildirici, İbrahim ÖztuğHarita projeksiyonlarında bir nokta etrafında oluşan deformasyonları yorumlamak için kullanılan Tissot endikatrisinin yarıçapları ve yönünün belirlenmesi harita projeksiyonunda coğrafi ağın izdüşümü ortogonal değilse maksimum ve minimum uzunluk deformasyon yönlerinin meridyen ve paraleller yönünde olmaması nedeniyle basit bir problem değildir. Bu çalışmada konu çeşitli kaynaklarda önerilen yaklaşımlar verilerek tartışılmıştır. Temel ders kitaplarında bu konuda ya hiç bilgi bulunmamakta ya da her koşulda doğru sonuç verebilecek bağıntılar verilmemektedir. Her koşulda çözüm sağlayan yaklaşımlar makale çalışmalarında sunulmuştur. Bu yaklaşımlar tartışılmış ve uygulanabilirlikleri yazar tarafından geliştirilen yazılım ile test edilmiştir. İki harita projeksiyonunda sayısal uygulama ve endikatris gösterimi yapılmıştırÖğe Pattern search with bayesian learning method for interior orientation in photogrammetry(WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2011) Karabörk, Hakan; Coşkun, Emre; Bildirici, İbrahim Öztuğ; Yıldız, Ferruh[Abstract not Available]Öğe SRTM1 ve ASTER sayısal yükseklik modellerinin gravimetrik jeoit belirlemeye katkısı(2018) İl, Hatice Tuba Arlı; Abbak, Ramazan Alpay; Bildirici, İbrahim Öztuğ; Demir, SeldaGravimetrik jeoit modellerinin oluşturulma sürecinde gravite verilerinin yanı sıra topografik yüksekliklere de ihtiyaç vardır. Çünkü jeoit modelleme çalışmalarında topografya etkisi en önemli parametrelerden biridir ve dünyanın fiziksel yüzeyinden toplanan gravite ölçüleri jeoit modellemede doğrudan kullanılamaz. Serbest hava gravite anomalilerinin enterpolasyonu için herhangi bir Sayısal Yükseklik Modelinden (SYM) alınan grid merkezlerinin ortalama yüksekliklerine gereksinim duyulur. Bu çalışmada SRTM1 ve ASTER SYM’lerin bölgesel gravimetrik jeoit modellemedeki performansları değerlendirilmiştir. Öncelikle çalışma sahasına homojen olarak dağılmış nivelman noktalarıyla modellerin doğrulukları bölgesel anlamda araştırılmıştır. Daha sonra, test bölgesinde SYM’ler sırasıyla kullanılarak KTH (İsveç Kraliyet Enstitüsü) yöntemi ile iki farklı gravimetrik jeoit modeli hesaplanmıştır. Karşılaşılan çeşitli sistematik hataları ortadan kaldırmak ve en uygun kombinasyonu elde etmek için gravimetrik ve GPS-nivelman jeoit modellerini düzeltici yüzeye dayalı olarak optimum yüzeyde birleştirilmiş ve jeoit modellerinin doğrulukları analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak her iki jeoit modeli arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı görülmüştür. Modellerin benzer sonuçları vermesi, her iki SYM’nin doğruluklarının yakın olmasından kaynaklandığı değerlendirilmektedir. Ancak SRTM1 Modelinin olmadığı yerlerde ASTER Modelinin alternatif olarak kullanılabileceği önerilmektedir.Öğe Topografik haritalarda genelleştirme(Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1994-06-29) Bildirici, İbrahim Öztuğ; Barışkaner, AbbasBu araştırmada ilk olarak genelleştirme kavramı kartoğrafya ve diğer disiplinlerde geniş bir çerçevede incelenmiştir. Daha sonra kartografik genelleştirme detaylı olarak ele alınmış, kartografik genelleştirmede kurallar ve bilgisayar destekli uygulamalar için geliştirilmiş algoritmalar incelenmiştir. Topoğrafik harita öğeleri ve bunların nasıl genelleştirilmesi gerektiği incelenerek, yapılan örnek uygulamada Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından üretilen 1: 5000 ölçekli Standart Topoğrafik Haritalardan genelleştirme ile 1 : 25000 ölçekli bir topoğrafik harita yapılmıştır. Elde edilen yeni 1: 25000 lik pafta ile daha önceden fotogrametrik olarak yapılmış olan pafta düzeç eğrilerinin doğruluğu bakımından karşılaştırılmıştır. Karşılaştırmada Koppe formüllerinden yararlanılmıştır. 504 ölçü çifti ile yapılan hesaplamada konum hatası olarak mı = ± ( 0.78 cota + 9.43), yükseklik hatası olarak rrih= ± ( 0.78 + 9.43 tana ) bağıntıları elde edilmiştir. Bu katsayılar Türkiye için verilen katsayıların altındadır. Diğer yandan 1 : 5000 lik paftaların genelleştirme ile 1 : 25000 lik harita yapımı için uygun olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Belirlenen uyumsuzlukların giderilmesi için, ilgili yönetmeliklerde düzeltme ve eklemeler önerilmiştir.Öğe Web mapping with Google Maps mashups: overlaying geodata(Copernicus Gesellschaft MBH, 2010) Bildirici, İbrahim Öztuğ; Uluğtekin, Nesibe NeclaThe term mashup is used for incorporating different web resources and information within a web site. Mashups are an integral part of Web2.0, which represents a variety of innovative resources, and ways of interacting with, or combining web content. Mashups are based on Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that are online libraries of functions. Most of the APIs are available at no cost to web developers. Most common mashup applications involve web mapping or web cartography. There is a variety of API providers for map mashups, including Google, Yahoo and etc. The functionality of their APIs are similar, but the data content. Google provides a huge amount of geodata worldwide. With Google Maps API, web site developers can add dynamic maps to their pages, and can overlay their own point, line and polygon data on to the maps. Such data can be overlaid within the JavaScript code, from external XML or KML files. It is also possible to connect a database and overlay data from the database based on a query. In this study the basics for creating map mashups are introduced, then the ways of overlaying data are discussed and the usage of XML and KML files are focused on. KML overlays are not flexible and there are some limitations. XML overlays are more flexible, but there is no standard XML schema. Web developers can define their own elements and attributes, and develop their Javascript code accordingly. We propose an XML schema, which is full compatible with Google Maps API classes.Öğe Web Merkator Projeksiyonu(2016) Bildirici, İbrahim Öztuğ; Kırtıloğlu, Osman SamiWeb kavramının ortaya çıktığı zamandan itibaren, web haritaları, günümüze dek büyük bir evrim geçirmiş ve başlangıçta statik harita görüntüleri olarak sunulmaktayken, günümüzde artık gelişmiş web harita uygulamalarına erişmek mümkün olmaktadır. Web tabanlı harita uygulamalarında genellikle Web Merkator olarak isimlendirilen projeksiyon sistemi kullanılmaktadır. İlk olarak 2005 yılında Google tarafından kullanılmasıyla tanınmaya başlayan Web Merkator projeksiyonu, internet tabanlı harita hizmeti sunan, Google Maps, Bing Maps, OpenStreetMap, MapQuest, ESRI, Mapbox gibi, neredeyse tüm yaygın web haritalama servisleri için bir standart haline gelmiştir. Web Merkator, Merkator projeksiyonunun değiştirilmiş bir şekli olup, web ortamında oldukça fazla kullanım alanına sahip olmasına rağmen, projeksiyonun sahip olduğu özellikler çok fazla tanınmamaktadır. Teknolojide yaşanan gelişmelere paralel olarak, akıllı telefonlar, tablet bilgisayarlar ve hatta akıllı televizyonlar gibi cihazlarla, internetin her an her yerde ulaşılabilir olması, web tabanlı harita uygulamalarına olan ilgiyi arttırmış, bu gibi uygulamaları bulut teknolojileriyle insanların konuma dayalı tüm işlemlerini gerçekleştirdiği bir ekosistem haline getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda, kullanılan projeksiyon sisteminin özelliklerinin ortaya konması, bu servislerin kullanıcıları açısından önemlidir. Merkator projeksiyonundan türetildiği halde, genel kanının aksine bu projeksiyon tam olarak açı koruma (konform) özelliğine sahip değildir. Bu çalışmada projeksiyonun referans yüzeyi, projeksiyondan kaynaklanan deformasyonlar ve haritalanabilir alanının kapsamı ele alınmıştırÖğe Yer merkezli dik koordinatlardan coğrafi koordinatlara dönüşüm(2018) Bildirici, İbrahim ÖztuğElipsoit merkezine göre tanımlanan dik koordinat sisteminden enlem ve yüksekliğin elde edilmesi jeodezide enlem problemi olarak bilinir. Lineer olmayan denklem sistemi çözümü gerekli olduğundan iteratif yaklaşımların kullanılması gereklidir. Bu konuda çok sayıda çalışma yayınlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada sayısal analiz yöntemlerine dayalı çözüm yöntemlerinden bir kısmı ele alınmış bir test veri seti kullanılarak karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Bazı kaynaklarda doğrudan çözüm olarak nitelenen Bowring yönteminin -10/10km yüksekliklerde iterasyonsuz olarak kullanılabileceği, yeryüzü dışı noktalarda ise düşük iterasyon sayıları ile Bowring ve Borkowski yöntemleri öne çıkmaktadır.
