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    Efficacy of Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone in Reducing the Immunotoxicity of Aflatoxin in Growing Broilers
    (Carfax Publishing, 2000) Çelik, İ.; Oğuz, H.; Demet, Ö.; Dönmez, H. H.; Boydak, M.; Sur, E.
    1. Protective action of an enzyme-linked polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP, Mycofix(R) Plus) against the immunosuppressive effect of afatoxins (AF) was evaluated by determination of peripheral blood TP-lymphocyte proportions and splenic plasma cell counts. Histological changes in lymphoid organs were also investigated by light microscopy. One-d-old broiler chicks (Hybro) received 2.5 mg/kg diet AF (83.06% AFB(1), 12.98% AFB(2), 2.84% AFG(1), 1.12% AFG(2)) with or without PVPP (3 g/kg diet) until 21 d of age. 2. When compared with the controls, AF treatment significantly decreased peripheral T-lymphocyte counts. AF caused a slight decrease in splenic plasma cell counts. The addition of PVPP to an AF-containing diet significantly increased T-lymphocyte counts. Splenic plasma cell counts were numerically intermediate between control and AF groups. 3. The dietary addition of PVPP to AF-free diet did not significantly alter either T-lymphocyte or splenic plasma cell counts.
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    Embryotoxicity Assay of Aflatoxin Produced by Aspergillus Parasiticus NRRL 2999
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2000) Çelik, İ.; Oğuz, H.; Demet, O.; Boydak, M.; Dönmez, H. H.; Sur, E.; Nizamlıoğlu, F.
    1. The embryotoxicity of mixed aflatoxins (AF) and aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) were evaluated by a modified chick embryotoxicity screening test (CHEST). Adverse effects on the early embryonic development of thymus and bursa of Fabricius were also investigated by light microscopy. AF consisted of 83.06% AFB(1), 12.98% AFB(2), 2.84% AFG(1) and 1.12% AFG(2). 2. A total of 448 fertilised laying hens' eggs were used. AF and AFB(1) were injected into the eggs at doses of 10, 100 and 1000 ng/egg. Embryonic developmental stages were evaluated according to the Hamburger-Hamilton scale (HH-scale). 3. The results showed that AFB(1) given at 10 ng/egg had a significantly (P<0.05) greater embryotoxic effect than AF given at a similar dose. The higher doses of both AF and AFB(1) caused higher embryonic mortality and also an increase in early deaths. 4. In the groups receiving 100 ng/egg AF and AFB(1) an abnormal development was seen, with a protruded central region, corresponding to the area pellucida of the blastoderm. No other developmental abnormality attributable to AF or AFB(1) was found.