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Öğe Comparasion of pharmacokinetic profiles of some antimicrobial agents in plasma and lymph fluids(SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY-TUBITAK, 1999) Elmas, M; Tras, BSome pharmacokinetic parameters and concentrations of four antimicrobial agents in plasma and lymph fluids were compared for determination of penetration into peripheral tissues. Eighteen healthy adult sheep (Turk Merino x Hampshire cross, 18-24 month, weighing 32-37 kg) were used. For collection of lymph samples, the efferent vessel of Nl. cervicalis superficialis sinister was cannulated with a polyethylene catheter. All antimicrobial agents were administered intramuscularly at single recommended doses (Chloramphenicol 30 mg/kg b.wt., Enrofloxacin 2.5 mg/kg b. wt., Sulphadoxine-trimethoprim 16 mg/kg b.wt.). Subsequently, blood and lymph samples were concurrently obtained at 2, 4, 8. 12, 16 and 24 hr postinjection. Concentrations of these agents in all samples were analysed by HPLC. Concentrations of enrofloxacin in lymph fluids at ail sampling times were found to be higher than plasma (p<0.01), but concentrations of sulphadoxine in plasma and lymph fluids at all sampling times were not found to be statistically different (p>0.05). The level of chloramphenicol in plasma was found to be higher than lymph fluid only at 2 hr (p<0.05). Concentration of trimethoprim in lymph fluids was found to be higher than plasma at 2 hr (p<0.02), but the level of lymph fluid was found to be lower than plasma at 4 hr after IM administration (p<0.002). However, levels of chloramphenicol and trimetoprim in plasma and lymph fluids were found to be similar at other sampling times. Ratios of lymph AUC((total))/AUC((total)) of chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, sulphadoxine and trimethoprim were found to be 0.97, 1.37, 0.96 and 0.86, respectively. While differences between lymph AUC((total)) and plasma AUC((total)) of enrofloxacin were found to be statistically significant (p<0.003), the AUC((total)) of other drugs in plasma and lymph fluids were found not to be significant (p>0.05). While terminal elimination half-lives (t 1/2 beta) of agents in plasma were found to be 2.47, 3.35, 3.94 and 2.39, the same parameters of agents in lymph fluids were found to be 2.30, 3.73, 4.01 and 2.85, respectively There were no significant differences between these parameters of all agents (p>0.05). The results show that when enrofloxacin, sulphadoxine and trimethoprim were used at recommended doses and intervals, these drugs penetrated peripheral tissues quickly and at sufficient concentrations, and chloramphenicol also penetrated quickly into peripheral tissue. but this dosages regimen was inadequate to supply effective concentrations in tissues.Öğe Concentrations of sulfadoxine and trimethoprim in plasma, lymph fluids and some tissues 24 H after intramuscular administration to angora goats(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 1998) Tras, B; Elmas, M; Yazar, E; Bas, AL; Keskin, E; Dasci, ZThis study was carried out to determine the concentrations of sulfadoxine and trimethoprim in plasma, lymph, and some tissues in goats after administration of a single recommended therapeutic dose. Five healthy, adult Angora goats were used. The drug combination, containing 200 mg sulfadoxine and 40 mg trimethoprim per millilitre, was given as a single IM injection at the recommended dose level, 15 mg/kg body weight for sulfadoxine and 3 mg/kg body weight for trimethoprim. The goats were slaughtered 24 hours after drug administration and samples were taken from liver, bone marrow, pelvic limb muscles, hepatic, thoracic duct, and the pelvic limb lymph fluids for analysis of drug concentrations by HPLC. The concentrations of trimethoprim in bone marrow, liver, pelvic limb muscles, hepatic lymph, the pelvic limb lymph, and thoracic duct lymph were found to be 6, 5, 4, 2, 5 and 15 times higher than those of plasma, respectively. Although the sulfadoxine concentrations in bone marrow, pelvic limb muscles, and liver were 2, 3 and 2 times higher than the plasm concentrations, respectively, the sulfadoxine concentrations in hepatic lymph, the pelvic limb lymph, and thoracic duct lymph were lower than those of plasma. The results show that the trimethoprim concentrations in lymph fluids were quite similar to those in tissues. However, the sulfadoxine concentrations in lymph fluids were different in each tissue.Öğe Disposition and milk levels of sulfadiazine-trimethoprim combination following intrauterine bolus administration in lactating cows during postpartum(ECOLE NATIONAL VET TOULOUSE, 1999) Elmas, M; Tras, B; Bas, AL; Yazar, E; Nizamlioglu, F; Colak, M; Yapar, KThis study was carried out to describe the disposition and milk levels of sulfadiazine (SDZ)-trimethoprim (TMP) combination following intrauterine bolus administration in cows during postpartum. Six cows were used as materials. SDZ-TMP combination bolus was given through intrauterine administration at the recommended dose of 4 g of SDZ plus 0.8 g of TMP to each animal during postpartum. Concentrations of SDZ and TMP were determined by HPLC. The absorption half-lives of SDZ and TMP were 1.44 and 1.68 hours, respectively. The elimination half-life of SDZ was 3.74 hours, while it was 11.04 hours for TMP. SDZ did not reach to MIC levels in plasma and milk after the intrauterine administration. After intrauterine administration, TMP was detected at the effective levels in milk. These results suggest that passing ratio of antimicrobials into milk should be taken into consideration for drug administrations into uterine in lactating cows during postpartum.Öğe Effect of pentoxifylline on biochemical parameters in endotoxaemic New Zealand white rabbits(NATL VETERINARY RESEARCH INST, 2004) Yazar, E; Col, R; Uney, K; Atalay, B; Elmas, M; Tras, BEffect of pentoxifylline on biochemical values in endotoxaemic rabbits was investigated. Forty rabbits were divided into four equal groups. Group 1, served as a control group, group 2: lipopolysaccharide was injected intravenously, group 3: pentoxifylline was injected intraperitoneally, group 4: lipopolysaccharide and pentoxifylline were injected simultaneously. Serum samples were collected 6 h after the treatments. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, total bilirubin, creatinine, urea, glucose, total protein, albumin, triglyceride, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus and magnesium levels were measured. Pentoxifylline induced protective effect on the liver and kidney in endotoxaemia, but did not show any protective effect on lipid metabolism.Öğe Effects of different doses of tilmicosin on malondialdehyde and glutathione concentrations in mice(VETERINARNI A FARMACEUTICKA UNIVERZITA BRNO, 2004) Yazar, E; Oztekin, E; Sivrikaya, A; Col, R; Elmas, M; Bas, ALThe aim of this study was to follow the effects of different doses of tilmicosin on malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels of heart and liver, and on selected haematological indices. Forty male Balb/C mice were used throughout the experiment. They were divided into four groups (n = 10), and injected subcutaneously as follows: Group I (control), with isotonic saline solution, Group 2 with 25 mg/kg body weight of tilmicosin, Group 3 with 50 mg/kg, and Group 4 with 75 mg/kg of tilmicosin in single injections. After three days, plasma, cardiac and hepatic malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels were measured with spectrophotometer. Red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and percentage of leukocytes were also determined. At the end of the experiment, tilmicosin did not cause any statistically significant (P > 0.05) changes in haematological parameters such as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelet, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and percentage of leukocytes. Hepatic malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels increased (P < 0.05) only at the highest dose of tilmicosin. The results indicate that tilmicosin did not cause lipid peroxidation in the heart.Öğe The effects of intracellular vitamin C concentrations on bovine neutrophils functions in vitro(ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE TOULOUSE, 1998) Başpınar, N; Baş, A. L; Haliloğlu, S; Elmas, M; Yazar, EIn this study, the effects of extracellular vitamin C on PMNL functions (phagocytic and microbicidal activity) and intracellular vitamin C levels were investigated. Neutrophils were obtained from eleven healthy Holstein heifers. Phagocytic and microbicidal activity of neutrophils were measured by fluorescent microscopic technique and intracellular vitamin C levels were determined with spectrophotometer. After first incubation (135 min., 37 degrees C) 149.76 %, 289.78 % and 462.76 % vitamin C increases were observed in PMNL, at 50, 150, 300 mu M/L of vitamin C, added to incubation media respectively. All the results compared to the controls, phagocytosis and microbicidal activity of PMNL increased by different vitamin C concentrations. A definite enhancement in PMNL functions observed in this study may have attributed to vitamin C supplemantation.Öğe Effects of vitamin E and prednisolone on biochemical and haematological parameters in endotoxaemic New Zealand white rabbits(NATL VETERINARY RESEARCH INST, 2004) Yazar, E; Col, R; Konyalioglu, S; Birdane, YO; Elmas, M; Bas, ALEffects of prednisolone and vitamin E on biochemical and haematological values were investigated in endotoxaemic rabbits. Forty rabbits were used and divided into four equal groups. Group I served as the control group; group 2 was infused with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 6 h; group 3 was injected with prednisolone before LPS administration; group 4 was injected with vitamin E for 4 consecutive days before LPS administration. Serum and blood samples were collected 8 h after the onset of LPS injection. Serum myoglobin, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, amylase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, albumin, globulin, total protein, cholesterol, total lipids, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, sodium, potassium and magnesium contents were measured. Red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet counts and percentage of differential leukocyte values were determined. It was found that prednisolone and vitamin E had a protective effect in endotoxaemic shock. Prednisolone was more effective in endotoxaemia than vitamin E.Öğe Effects of vitamin E and prednisolone on some oxidative stress markers in endotoxemic rabbits(ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE TOULOUSE, 2004) Yazar, E; Konyalioglu, S; Col, R; Birdane, YO; Bas, AL; Elmas, MEffects of prednisolone (PR) and vitamin E (VE) on oxidative stress and antioxidant systems were investigated in endotoxemic rabbits. Forty rabbits were used and divided into four equal groups. Group I served as the control group. In group II, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 mug/kg/h) was infused for 6 hours, whereas rabbits of groups III and IV received prior treatments with subcutaneous injection of prednisolone (10 mg/kg) (group III) or with intraperitoneous injections of vitamin E (10 mg/kg) for 4 consecutive days (group IV). Serum, liver, heart and kidney samples were obtained at 8 hours after infusion. Malonedialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) concentrations and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities were spectrophotometrically determined in tissues plus in serum (for MDA). LPS caused statistically significant (p<0.05) increases of MDA and antioxidants in serum and in all tissues. PR and VE significantly (p<0.05) suppressed increases of MDA, SOD, CAT and GSH. As a consequence, prednisolone and vitamin E had protective effects on oxidative stress in endotoxemic rabbits.Öğe Intraphagocytic concentrations of free and liposome encapsulated ampicillin in sheep after intravenous infusion(NATL VETERINARY RESEARCH INST, 2006) Yazar, E; Bas, AL; Yapar, K; Birdane, YO; Elmas, M; Tras, BIntraphagocytic (neutrophil and monocyte) concentrations of free and liposome encapsulated ampicillin were investigated in sheep. The ampicillin (5 mg/kg b.wt.) was administered as intravenous infusion. Blood samples were collected at 0, 10, 30, and 60 min, and 2 and 4 h after the infusion. Neutrophils and monocytes were isolated and lysed. Ampicillin concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. As results, liposome encapsulated ampicillin caused higher intracellular concentrations in neutrophils (ratio of liposome encapsulated ampicillin/free ampicillin; from 1.736 to 2.511) and monocytes (ratio of liposome encapsulated ampicillin/free ampicillin from 2.041 to 4.384) than free ampicillin. Liposome encapsulated ampicillin also existed longer time within neutrophils (2 h) and monocytes (2 h) than free ampicillin (60 min). This formulation may be beneficial in the treatment of intracellular bacterial infections.Öğe Pharmacokinetics of flunixin after intravenous administration in healthy and endotoxaemic rabbits(SPRINGER, 2006) Elmas, M; Yazar, E; Uney, K; Karabacak, AThe pharmacokinetics of flunixin were determined after intravenous bolus injection at a single dose (2.2 mg/kg) in healthy rabbits and diseased rabbits with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock. Six adult New Zealand White rabbits were used. Concentrations of drug in plasma were determined by HPLC. Pharmacokinetics were best described by a two-compartment open model. In healthy rabbits, there was a high plasma clearance (0.62 L/(h kg)), and a relatively short elimination half-life (1.19 h). In endotoxaemic rabbits, total plasma clearance (0.43 L/(h kg)) was significantly lower (p < 0.05), and elimination half-life (1.90 h) and AUC(0-infinity) (5.29 (mu g h)/ml) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in healthy animals. The changes of pharmacokinetics of flunixin in rabbits with septic shock could be of clinical significance, and may require monitoring of plasma flunixin levels in endotoxaemic status.Öğe Pharmacokinetics of flunixin-meglumin following intravenous administration in Angora rabbits(NATL VETERINARY RESEARCH INST, 2005) Elmas, M; Uney, K; Karabacak, A; Yazar, EThe pharmacokinetics of flunixin-meglumin were determined after intravenous bolus injection at two different doses (1.1 and 2.2 mg/kg body weight) in rabbits. Six healthy adult Angora rabbits were used in the experiment. Blood samples were collected at 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after injection. Concentrations of drug in plasma were determined by HPLC. Pharmacokinetics were described by a two-compartment open model. The area under the curve, contrary to other pharmacokinetic parameters, showed statistically significant differences between the two doses used (P < 0.05). The data obtained for the low and high doses were as follows: the elimination half-lives were 1.4 and 1.7 h, the volume of distribution - 0.6 and 0.8 L/kg, and total body clearance - 0.32 and 037 mL/h/kg body weight, respectively. The present study has shown that the pharmacokinetic variables of fluxin-meglumin in Angora rabbits are dose independent in the dose range of 1.1-2.2 mg/kg body weight.
