Sokaktan Akademiye: Kadın Hareketinin Kurumsallaşma Süreci
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2011
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Selçuk Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Kadınların yaşamlarını anlamlandırmanın, toplumsal rollerini ve eylemlerini açıklamanın yanı sıra kadın kimliğinin oluşumunda ve biçimlendirilmesinde de etkin rol oynayan feminist hareket ile bu hareketin akademide kurumsallaşma sürecine yönelik ‘bilimde kadın’ konusu günümüzde sosyal bilimler alan yazınında yoğun olarak tartışılmaktadır. Konuya ilişkin çalışmalarda akademide kadın varlığına işaret eden sayısal verilerin yanı sıra feminist söylemlerin gelişim sürecinde biçimlenişi ve uğradığı dönüşümler de ele alınmaktadır. Kadınların 18. yüzyılda küçük gruplar halinde sokak eylemleriyle başlayan mücadeleleri günümüzde akademik çalışmalarla desteklenen, yerel, bölgesel ve uluslararası organizasyonlar çerçevesinde etkinlik sağlayan bir biçime dönüşmüştür. Bu dönüşümde kadının konumunun insan hakları bağlamında iyileştirilmesini ve kadın erkek ilişkisinin toplumsal cinsiyet ayrımcılığının ötesinde sağlıklı yürütülmesini amaçlayan; kadınların eğitim düzeylerinin giderek yükselmesine, eğitmen, araştırmacı ve bilim kadını statüsünde nicel ve nitel göstergelerin artmasına yol açan köklü oluşumların katkıları söz konusudur. Bilimsel çalışmalarda kadın hareketine ilişkin temel kavramların ve kuramların giderek daha yoğun yer almasının yanı sıra yüksek öğretim kurumlarında kadın araştırmalarına yönelik merkezlerin ve birimlerin kurulması da kuşkusuz kadın hareketinin kurumsallaşmasına ivme kazandırmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın çıkış noktasını, feminist kuramların ortaya çıkmasında ve kadına yönelik sosyo-politik dönüşümlerin gerçekleşmesinde etkin olan kadın hareketi ile bu etkinlik düzeyinin yükselmesi açısından önem taşıyan bilim alanındaki kurumsallaşma süreci oluşturmaktadır.
Feminism is seen as a social movement, which concerns with woman’s problems; which criticizes her being excluded in the society; humiliated, dejected, alienated to herself; and in order for this situation to be corrected, which aims to struggle with the surviving patriarchal concept, norms and values (Doltaş, 1991; 83). An essay called “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman’’ published by English Wollstonecraft, who took a reference the principles of French Revolution, in 1792 is accepted a starting point of feminist movement. The work draws attention that the each individual is born with his/her equality, independence and liberty rights; however, the dominant political and social order took wrongfully these rights of individual; the dominance of men on the female gender; and the negative affects resulted from this situation (Rullmann, 1996: 266 – 270). The first wave of feminism, which was increasingly strengthened in 19th Century and which mostly concentrated on public area and voting right, stabilized in 1920s (Donovan, 1997: 121). In the late 1960s, the process, which was flamed again and called “the second wave of feminism” began the marches toward acquiring the political rights and extended with the movements of civilian rights (Whaley, 2003: 186). In this period, it was seen that feminist agencies formed in the past were begun to go into action. The rapid growth economic development experienced in capitalist countries in postwar (the Second World War) prepared material conditions of the second wave of feminist movement. That a number of women work and participate in the feminist movement became effective on their concrete life practices and consciousness levels. However, the fact that that acquiring the basic rights was not sufficient to rescue the women from their subordinate position and did not modify both the distinct wages based on gender in the work life and the extra labor load in the house was begun to be seen from women. In 1970s, in the discussions of Marxism, Psychoanalysis, Structuralism, Postmodernism and so on and different opinion movements, it was seen that the arguments developed toward women’s problems and relationships between genders converged. The movement point of these thoughts and arguments is the political basis of problem, the effects of political phenomena and the effects of these effects on the individuals (Kadıoğlu, 2005: 139). In the other words, in this period, analysis was realized on the power balance between women and men. In USA and continental Europe, the ideological action of second wave of feminist movement beginning in 1960s and accelerating in 1970s shifted toward academic area in 1980s. Beginning from the early 1980s, in the departments and units focused on women research, sociologists, psychologists and anthropologists began to study the causes of falling of women to the subordinate position and their studies toward eliminating this situation, to become effective in academic area (Özbudun, 1987: 16). The women began to act in order to rescue the science from being an area specific to men, to make apparent the experiences of women, to produce knowledge for themselves and on the names of them (Eroğlu, 2004: 26). Development and institutionalism of feminist movements points out the change of approach toward “women” and women’s problem in a certain historical process. That the research of interest are included in the scope of academic discipline involved a difficult process. Delay in the participation of women in educational process and not being improved of togetherness of the science and woman required an intensive effort targeting to challenge the impediments toward the women. First started struggle toward the right of education and instruction, after acquiring the right of high education, reached the zenith with desire of women to demonstrate themselves in scientific areas. The desire of women taking place in high education process to proceed in the scientific areas conveyed the women movement, limited street demonstrations at the beginning, to institutionalism level in academic area. That the women realize high educational efforts and scientific researches has accelerated feminist researches and allowed to be regarded the women's problem with different perspectives and the concept social gender to take place its agenda. Feminist researches were realized toward reaching theoretical analysis and data, which increasingly have a practical and useful attributes. One of the objectives of feminism for institutionalizing is to form a method addressing to the quality of researcher, and in which the observations and thoughts of the researcher, and what is reached are considered, or to develop and renew the existing methods in this line. In the direction of this objective, the desire of feminist movements to take place in the scientific area, and to be effective leaded to emerge a new discipline called “academic feminism”. Academic feminism is accepted as an arm of feminist movement, its extension of it in the scientific area (Hemmings, 2006: 17). In parallel with it, although Sancar (2003: 165, 176) draws attention that there are some non-feminist approaches in academy in the area of studies on women, he emphasizes that the fundamental elements of these studies is feminist thought and policy. According to this, academic thought is the effort of understanding and changing what makes the invisible, subordinate and valueless the lives and problems of women in the existing scientific understanding. The search of method of academic feminism toward epistemologically remaining out of positive tradition and understanding the pressed life experiences were also resulted from this effort. Feminist researcher firstly present a research action emphasizing, and being shaped in the frame of woman attribute that the women should oppose against the gender inequality, and in the next stage, that they should struggle against the inequalities in the social and economic areas. In this context, during the area researches carried out, instead of refusing their own social gender roles, they aimed to introduce thee direct and indirect effects of their own genders and the genders of the people studied on the processes, methods, objectives and results of research. Beside that the concepts associated with woman's movement in the scientific studies increasingly take place more intensively, that the centers and units toward women movement are founded in high educational institutes certainly give an acceleration the woman movement as well. Firstly, research and application centers on women being in active with board of directors consisting of academicians. Centers carry out the recherches and investigations about the issues such as woman and gender in the areas of social position of women, their status and norms, the violation toward women, women's employment, and education and health and organize activities such as panel, seminar, and talks. In the projects carried out in every issue on women, among the other objectives of these centers are to increase of awarenesses of the individual, institutes, and organizations toward the issue woman and develop their sensitivities and an archive for the studies on woman together with these. In the other dimension of institutionalism, the main scientific areas opened as subordinated to the social science instituters of universities take place. The main scientific branch for women research, Istanbul University, founded in 1993, is a postgraduate program first being in active. METU “Social Gender and Women's Rights Program” follows Istanbul University, with the support of “National Program Project on Strengthening the involvement of Women to Development”. Postgraduate Program of Ankara University, in which interdisciplinary academicians give education, studies on women, was opened in 1996. Lastly, it is also possible to mention the studies on women of Ege University being in active in 2000.
Feminism is seen as a social movement, which concerns with woman’s problems; which criticizes her being excluded in the society; humiliated, dejected, alienated to herself; and in order for this situation to be corrected, which aims to struggle with the surviving patriarchal concept, norms and values (Doltaş, 1991; 83). An essay called “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman’’ published by English Wollstonecraft, who took a reference the principles of French Revolution, in 1792 is accepted a starting point of feminist movement. The work draws attention that the each individual is born with his/her equality, independence and liberty rights; however, the dominant political and social order took wrongfully these rights of individual; the dominance of men on the female gender; and the negative affects resulted from this situation (Rullmann, 1996: 266 – 270). The first wave of feminism, which was increasingly strengthened in 19th Century and which mostly concentrated on public area and voting right, stabilized in 1920s (Donovan, 1997: 121). In the late 1960s, the process, which was flamed again and called “the second wave of feminism” began the marches toward acquiring the political rights and extended with the movements of civilian rights (Whaley, 2003: 186). In this period, it was seen that feminist agencies formed in the past were begun to go into action. The rapid growth economic development experienced in capitalist countries in postwar (the Second World War) prepared material conditions of the second wave of feminist movement. That a number of women work and participate in the feminist movement became effective on their concrete life practices and consciousness levels. However, the fact that that acquiring the basic rights was not sufficient to rescue the women from their subordinate position and did not modify both the distinct wages based on gender in the work life and the extra labor load in the house was begun to be seen from women. In 1970s, in the discussions of Marxism, Psychoanalysis, Structuralism, Postmodernism and so on and different opinion movements, it was seen that the arguments developed toward women’s problems and relationships between genders converged. The movement point of these thoughts and arguments is the political basis of problem, the effects of political phenomena and the effects of these effects on the individuals (Kadıoğlu, 2005: 139). In the other words, in this period, analysis was realized on the power balance between women and men. In USA and continental Europe, the ideological action of second wave of feminist movement beginning in 1960s and accelerating in 1970s shifted toward academic area in 1980s. Beginning from the early 1980s, in the departments and units focused on women research, sociologists, psychologists and anthropologists began to study the causes of falling of women to the subordinate position and their studies toward eliminating this situation, to become effective in academic area (Özbudun, 1987: 16). The women began to act in order to rescue the science from being an area specific to men, to make apparent the experiences of women, to produce knowledge for themselves and on the names of them (Eroğlu, 2004: 26). Development and institutionalism of feminist movements points out the change of approach toward “women” and women’s problem in a certain historical process. That the research of interest are included in the scope of academic discipline involved a difficult process. Delay in the participation of women in educational process and not being improved of togetherness of the science and woman required an intensive effort targeting to challenge the impediments toward the women. First started struggle toward the right of education and instruction, after acquiring the right of high education, reached the zenith with desire of women to demonstrate themselves in scientific areas. The desire of women taking place in high education process to proceed in the scientific areas conveyed the women movement, limited street demonstrations at the beginning, to institutionalism level in academic area. That the women realize high educational efforts and scientific researches has accelerated feminist researches and allowed to be regarded the women's problem with different perspectives and the concept social gender to take place its agenda. Feminist researches were realized toward reaching theoretical analysis and data, which increasingly have a practical and useful attributes. One of the objectives of feminism for institutionalizing is to form a method addressing to the quality of researcher, and in which the observations and thoughts of the researcher, and what is reached are considered, or to develop and renew the existing methods in this line. In the direction of this objective, the desire of feminist movements to take place in the scientific area, and to be effective leaded to emerge a new discipline called “academic feminism”. Academic feminism is accepted as an arm of feminist movement, its extension of it in the scientific area (Hemmings, 2006: 17). In parallel with it, although Sancar (2003: 165, 176) draws attention that there are some non-feminist approaches in academy in the area of studies on women, he emphasizes that the fundamental elements of these studies is feminist thought and policy. According to this, academic thought is the effort of understanding and changing what makes the invisible, subordinate and valueless the lives and problems of women in the existing scientific understanding. The search of method of academic feminism toward epistemologically remaining out of positive tradition and understanding the pressed life experiences were also resulted from this effort. Feminist researcher firstly present a research action emphasizing, and being shaped in the frame of woman attribute that the women should oppose against the gender inequality, and in the next stage, that they should struggle against the inequalities in the social and economic areas. In this context, during the area researches carried out, instead of refusing their own social gender roles, they aimed to introduce thee direct and indirect effects of their own genders and the genders of the people studied on the processes, methods, objectives and results of research. Beside that the concepts associated with woman's movement in the scientific studies increasingly take place more intensively, that the centers and units toward women movement are founded in high educational institutes certainly give an acceleration the woman movement as well. Firstly, research and application centers on women being in active with board of directors consisting of academicians. Centers carry out the recherches and investigations about the issues such as woman and gender in the areas of social position of women, their status and norms, the violation toward women, women's employment, and education and health and organize activities such as panel, seminar, and talks. In the projects carried out in every issue on women, among the other objectives of these centers are to increase of awarenesses of the individual, institutes, and organizations toward the issue woman and develop their sensitivities and an archive for the studies on woman together with these. In the other dimension of institutionalism, the main scientific areas opened as subordinated to the social science instituters of universities take place. The main scientific branch for women research, Istanbul University, founded in 1993, is a postgraduate program first being in active. METU “Social Gender and Women's Rights Program” follows Istanbul University, with the support of “National Program Project on Strengthening the involvement of Women to Development”. Postgraduate Program of Ankara University, in which interdisciplinary academicians give education, studies on women, was opened in 1996. Lastly, it is also possible to mention the studies on women of Ege University being in active in 2000.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kadın, toplumsal cinsiyet, kadın hareketi, feminizm, akademik feminizm, kadın hareketinin kurumsallaşması, Woman, social gender, woman’s movement, feminism, academic feminism, institutionalism of woman’s movemet
Kaynak
Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
26
Künye
Alptekin, D., (2011). Sokaktan Akademiye: Kadın Hareketinin Kurumsallaşma Süreci. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26, 33-43.
