Konya Ovası ve Çevresinde Yeraltı Sularının Obruk Oluşumlarına Etkisi
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2009
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Selçuk Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Araştırma sahası, İç Anadolu Bölgesi’nin orta ve güney kesiminde yer alır. Konya Ovası ve çevresinin alt yapısını metamorfik ve kristalen kütleler ile Kretase yaşlı ofiolitik seriler ile bunlar üzerinde Miosen ve Pliosen yaşlı formasyonlar oluşturur. Sahada dikkati çeken yeryüzü şekilleri arasında dağlık sahalar, ovalar ve platolar bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Konya ovası ve çevresinde oluşan ve son yıllarda oluşum süreleri hızlanan obrukların oluşumu ile obruk oluşumunda etkili olan unsurları coğrafi açıdan inceleyerek bunlara dikkati çekmektir. Çalışmanın hazırlanmasında öncelikle değişik dönemlerde Konya ovası ve çevresinde arazi çalışmaları, gözlemler ve gerekli görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Bu esnada gerek araziden elde edilen arazi verileri (fotoğraf, istatistikî bilgi ve görüşme notları), gerekse ilgili literatür çalışmaları ve toplanan istatistikî veriler yorumlanarak obrukların oluşumu ve gelişimi coğrafi açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Konya Ovası ve çevresinde, yarı kurak birinci dereceden mezotermal su eksiği yaz mevsiminde ve çok kuvvetli, nispeten deniz etkisine yaklaşan karasal iklim etkili olmaktadır (Bozyiğit, 2000:26). Araştırma sahasında özellikle son on yıllık periyotta küresel iklim değişikliğine bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan kuraklık ve fazla su kullanımı yeraltı su seviyesinin düşmesine sebep olmuştur. Yeraltı su seviyesi değişimi yıl içersinde de yıllar arası dönemlerde de görülmektedir. Yeraltı su seviyesindeki bu hızlı seviye düşüşünün somut örneklerine Akgöl (Ereğli), Acıgöl (Karapınar), Meke Tuzlası ve Timraş Obruğu’nda rastlanmıştır. Konya Ovası ve Çevresi’nde günümüze yakın tarihlerde oluşmuş ve oluşmakta olan çok sayıda obruk bulunmaktadır. Bunlar arasında: Nebili Obruk (1972), Akviran Obruğu (1977), Sekizli Obruk (1983), Çoban Şamil Obruğu (Nisan 1995), Yavşan Obruğu (Aralık 2000), May Obrukları (2002), Çakıllı Obruk (Ekim 2005), Hacı Seyit Yaylası Obrukları (2000, 2006, 2007 ve 2008), İnoba Obruğu (Ekim 2008), Yarımoğlu Obruğu (7 Şubat 2009) dikkati çekmektedir.
Research area takes place in the middle and South part of Middle Anatolian Region. Area has the length of 80 km in northsouth direction and 50 km in east-west direction. The under structure of Konya plain and around consist of metamorphic and crystalline mass and cretaceous old ophiolite series. Old Tertiary layers as discordant are above them. These layers had not been affected by Alpine movements. The extensive formations at the top are Miocene and Pliocene old formations. Miocene begins with base conglomerate at the bottom and goes on with straight marl and limestone to the top. Pliocene takes place above Miocene formations as concordant and it has been formatted by clay, sand, pebble and gypsum. The aim of this study is to take attention to the rapid formation of the obruk in Konya plain and around last years and research the key elements that play role in the formation of swallow hole from the point of geography. Area researches in Konya plain and around and necessary negotiations are supplied in various times (years of 1990, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009) during the preparation of the study. The formation and the development of the swallow holes are tried to be evaluated by area data supplied from the area (photograph, statistical data and notes of negotiation), necessary literature studies and commenting the statistical data supplied from institutions during this period. The land forms that take attention in Konya plain and around are plain, plateau and mountainous areas. The unions of Aladağ, Bozkır and Bolkar that go along to the south by exceeding the height formed by Geyik Mountain Union in the late Eocene-Oligocene epoch has caused the increase of the height. Thus the sea water had spread to north-northeast and formed an inland sea and lakes in the holes between the heights. Obruk plateau at the north of Konya plain generally shows a feature of a wavy erosion surface that the height of it changes between 1100 and 1150 meters. The plateau has the length of 75-80 km in eastwest direction and the wideness of 65 km in north-south direction. The mountains surrounding the research area are the other morphologic elements that take attention. Bozdağlar, Karacadağ, Karadağ, Erenler-Alacadağ are the heights of the research area that take attention. According to the data of the meteorology stations selected from Konya plain; the annual average of the warmth is between 11. 0 °C and 11.8 °C, annual rainfall intensity changes between 281.4 mm and 329.2 mm. The big distinction in the rainfall intensity occurs because of the effect of the land forms and the air mass. Obvious distinctions between the annual values of the other climate elements are available. Alluvium soils in etude area, hydromorphic alluvium soils in swamp and wetland areas, colluvial soils in inclined areas between the plain and mountainous areas, brown and red brown soils on the surfaces of the plateau and mountainous are more widespread. Erosion, shallowness of soil, drainage, salinity and alkanity are important problems. At the Konya plain Iran-Turan and Europe-Siberia floristic regions vegetation types such as forest, shrub and grassland formations. The affective factors according to the observations for the formations of swallow holes today are the changes of the level of the ground waters, chemical features of ground waters, lithological structure, climate and human. In this occasion CO2 that got into the ground water from volcanic formations around increases the acidic value then effects to the lime stone and dissolves it. Thus underground gaps occur depending to the increased karsting and inner karsting. Argillaceous, grainy and graveled formations above these gaps are getting heavier depending to the conditions of climate and then collapsing from a certain level. If the collapsing reaches to the ground water, water accumulation at the bottom of the swallow hole is available. Especially for the last decade the drought depending to the climate changes and increase of the water usage have caused to decrease the level of the groundwater in research area. The changes of the levels of the ground waters occur within the year and also the periods between the years. According to the measurements of the well in research area in last years (2003-2008); the decrease at the level of the MeramAlakova well for 12.5 m, the Meram-Hatıp well for 18.5 m, Çumra-Fethiye well for 15.6 m and Çumra-Batum well for 18.9 m have been determined. This speedy decrease of the level has accelerated the formation of the karstic shape named obruk. The concrete samples that the decreasing of the level of the ground water from past to today are seen in Akgöl (Ereğli), Acıgöl (Karapınar), Meke Saltpan (Karapınar) and Timraş Obruk (Çumra). According to the observations that we have made in various dates on Akgöl; while there has been water in the departed mirror of lake in September of 1998, the mirror of lake has completely lost in July of 2008. In the same way we understand the change of levels at Acıgöl by the formations of travertine. There are travertine terrace sets that are above the actual level of the present for 3 and 6 meters. Although Meke Saltpan has shown the features of a lake till the last decade, it is nearly to loose this feature today. Corridor shaped land links have existed between the cone consists of pyroclastic materials in the middle of the lake and the land around it. There are many obruks that have been formatted lately or being formatted in Konya Plain and around. Obruks are formatted as a result of firstly by the cavitations in topography, then crevices and the collapses. The common obruks formatted lately in research area: Nebili Obruk: It takes place at 1.5 km west of Nebili Village. The diameter of the obruk head formatted in 1972 is determined as 12 m, and the depth is 70 m. Akviran Obruk: It is formatted in 1977. Diameter of the head is 30 m, depth is 90 m. Sekizli Obruk: It is formatted in 1983. Diameter of the head is 5 m, depth is 8.5 m. Çoban Şamil Obruk: It is formatted in April of 1995. It is in the northeast of Kolca Flatland for 800 m. Diameter of the head is 50 m, depth is nearly 50 m. May Obruks: They are in the east of Konya city and 20 km west of Çumra. Three obruks developed by limestone levels have been determined in 2002 around May Dam. Yavşan Obruk: It takes place 1 km in the east of Yavşan Çukuru Flatland which is 5 km in the northwest of Karapınar. The diameter of the obruk is determined as 17.5 m in the northeast-southern west cross section, and 16.5 m in the northwestsouthern east cross section. Çakıllı Obruk: It has been formatted in October of 2005 at İçeri Çumra Çakıllar site. The diameter of the ellipse shaped obruk is measured as 5 m, and its depth is 9 m. İnoba Obruk: It takes place in the southern west of Karapınar county center. The diameter of the obruk is 25 m, and the depth of it is 33 m. Yarımoğlu Obruk: It has been formatted 18 km in the west of Karapınar county center. The diameter of the obruk formatted in the 7th February of 2009 has been measured as 12 m, the round of it is 72 m and the depth is nearly 80 m. Obruks that take attention due to their features of morphological and formational that formatted long before present take place in research area. The common of them are; Meyil, Çıralı, Kızören, Timraş and Belkuyu obruks. The formations of obruk in recent years in research area are extensive in Karapınar and Çumra county borders. Although different factors have effected the formation of obruks, the decrease of the groundwater has raised the formation of the obruks. Indeed, 3-4 formation of obruk exists annually in recent years. It is a fact that global climate changes have brought a serious drought period after the years of 2000. Therefore, this event has caused the decrease of the groundwater level formatted by millions of years. As a conclusion besides the natural factors (tectonic, climate, lithologic character, karsting), the activities of humans (maximum usage of groundwater, military trials etc.) in recent years have been effective in the formation of obruks.
Research area takes place in the middle and South part of Middle Anatolian Region. Area has the length of 80 km in northsouth direction and 50 km in east-west direction. The under structure of Konya plain and around consist of metamorphic and crystalline mass and cretaceous old ophiolite series. Old Tertiary layers as discordant are above them. These layers had not been affected by Alpine movements. The extensive formations at the top are Miocene and Pliocene old formations. Miocene begins with base conglomerate at the bottom and goes on with straight marl and limestone to the top. Pliocene takes place above Miocene formations as concordant and it has been formatted by clay, sand, pebble and gypsum. The aim of this study is to take attention to the rapid formation of the obruk in Konya plain and around last years and research the key elements that play role in the formation of swallow hole from the point of geography. Area researches in Konya plain and around and necessary negotiations are supplied in various times (years of 1990, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009) during the preparation of the study. The formation and the development of the swallow holes are tried to be evaluated by area data supplied from the area (photograph, statistical data and notes of negotiation), necessary literature studies and commenting the statistical data supplied from institutions during this period. The land forms that take attention in Konya plain and around are plain, plateau and mountainous areas. The unions of Aladağ, Bozkır and Bolkar that go along to the south by exceeding the height formed by Geyik Mountain Union in the late Eocene-Oligocene epoch has caused the increase of the height. Thus the sea water had spread to north-northeast and formed an inland sea and lakes in the holes between the heights. Obruk plateau at the north of Konya plain generally shows a feature of a wavy erosion surface that the height of it changes between 1100 and 1150 meters. The plateau has the length of 75-80 km in eastwest direction and the wideness of 65 km in north-south direction. The mountains surrounding the research area are the other morphologic elements that take attention. Bozdağlar, Karacadağ, Karadağ, Erenler-Alacadağ are the heights of the research area that take attention. According to the data of the meteorology stations selected from Konya plain; the annual average of the warmth is between 11. 0 °C and 11.8 °C, annual rainfall intensity changes between 281.4 mm and 329.2 mm. The big distinction in the rainfall intensity occurs because of the effect of the land forms and the air mass. Obvious distinctions between the annual values of the other climate elements are available. Alluvium soils in etude area, hydromorphic alluvium soils in swamp and wetland areas, colluvial soils in inclined areas between the plain and mountainous areas, brown and red brown soils on the surfaces of the plateau and mountainous are more widespread. Erosion, shallowness of soil, drainage, salinity and alkanity are important problems. At the Konya plain Iran-Turan and Europe-Siberia floristic regions vegetation types such as forest, shrub and grassland formations. The affective factors according to the observations for the formations of swallow holes today are the changes of the level of the ground waters, chemical features of ground waters, lithological structure, climate and human. In this occasion CO2 that got into the ground water from volcanic formations around increases the acidic value then effects to the lime stone and dissolves it. Thus underground gaps occur depending to the increased karsting and inner karsting. Argillaceous, grainy and graveled formations above these gaps are getting heavier depending to the conditions of climate and then collapsing from a certain level. If the collapsing reaches to the ground water, water accumulation at the bottom of the swallow hole is available. Especially for the last decade the drought depending to the climate changes and increase of the water usage have caused to decrease the level of the groundwater in research area. The changes of the levels of the ground waters occur within the year and also the periods between the years. According to the measurements of the well in research area in last years (2003-2008); the decrease at the level of the MeramAlakova well for 12.5 m, the Meram-Hatıp well for 18.5 m, Çumra-Fethiye well for 15.6 m and Çumra-Batum well for 18.9 m have been determined. This speedy decrease of the level has accelerated the formation of the karstic shape named obruk. The concrete samples that the decreasing of the level of the ground water from past to today are seen in Akgöl (Ereğli), Acıgöl (Karapınar), Meke Saltpan (Karapınar) and Timraş Obruk (Çumra). According to the observations that we have made in various dates on Akgöl; while there has been water in the departed mirror of lake in September of 1998, the mirror of lake has completely lost in July of 2008. In the same way we understand the change of levels at Acıgöl by the formations of travertine. There are travertine terrace sets that are above the actual level of the present for 3 and 6 meters. Although Meke Saltpan has shown the features of a lake till the last decade, it is nearly to loose this feature today. Corridor shaped land links have existed between the cone consists of pyroclastic materials in the middle of the lake and the land around it. There are many obruks that have been formatted lately or being formatted in Konya Plain and around. Obruks are formatted as a result of firstly by the cavitations in topography, then crevices and the collapses. The common obruks formatted lately in research area: Nebili Obruk: It takes place at 1.5 km west of Nebili Village. The diameter of the obruk head formatted in 1972 is determined as 12 m, and the depth is 70 m. Akviran Obruk: It is formatted in 1977. Diameter of the head is 30 m, depth is 90 m. Sekizli Obruk: It is formatted in 1983. Diameter of the head is 5 m, depth is 8.5 m. Çoban Şamil Obruk: It is formatted in April of 1995. It is in the northeast of Kolca Flatland for 800 m. Diameter of the head is 50 m, depth is nearly 50 m. May Obruks: They are in the east of Konya city and 20 km west of Çumra. Three obruks developed by limestone levels have been determined in 2002 around May Dam. Yavşan Obruk: It takes place 1 km in the east of Yavşan Çukuru Flatland which is 5 km in the northwest of Karapınar. The diameter of the obruk is determined as 17.5 m in the northeast-southern west cross section, and 16.5 m in the northwestsouthern east cross section. Çakıllı Obruk: It has been formatted in October of 2005 at İçeri Çumra Çakıllar site. The diameter of the ellipse shaped obruk is measured as 5 m, and its depth is 9 m. İnoba Obruk: It takes place in the southern west of Karapınar county center. The diameter of the obruk is 25 m, and the depth of it is 33 m. Yarımoğlu Obruk: It has been formatted 18 km in the west of Karapınar county center. The diameter of the obruk formatted in the 7th February of 2009 has been measured as 12 m, the round of it is 72 m and the depth is nearly 80 m. Obruks that take attention due to their features of morphological and formational that formatted long before present take place in research area. The common of them are; Meyil, Çıralı, Kızören, Timraş and Belkuyu obruks. The formations of obruk in recent years in research area are extensive in Karapınar and Çumra county borders. Although different factors have effected the formation of obruks, the decrease of the groundwater has raised the formation of the obruks. Indeed, 3-4 formation of obruk exists annually in recent years. It is a fact that global climate changes have brought a serious drought period after the years of 2000. Therefore, this event has caused the decrease of the groundwater level formatted by millions of years. As a conclusion besides the natural factors (tectonic, climate, lithologic character, karsting), the activities of humans (maximum usage of groundwater, military trials etc.) in recent years have been effective in the formation of obruks.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Konya, Karapınar, Yeraltı suyu, Obruk, Karstlaşma, Groundwater, Karsting
Kaynak
Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
21
Künye
Bozyiğit, R., Tapur, T., (2009). Konya Ovası ve Çevresinde Yeraltı Sularının Obruk Oluşumlarına Etkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21, 137-155.
