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Öğe Determination of Factors Affecting Mastitis in Holstein Friesian and Brown Swiss by Using Logistic Regression Analysis(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 2019) Altay, Fatih; Kılıç, Büşra; Aytekin, İbrahim; Keskin, İsmailThe aim of this study was to determine subclinical mastitis with the help of logistic regression of milk quality determined factors and some features the research material consisted of 204 (145 Holstein, 59 Brown Swiss) dairy cattle raised in a private cattle farm in Konya Province, Turkey. The independent variables considered for the detection of subclinical mastitis are breed, somatic cell number (SCC), color values (L, a, b, H, C), freezing point (FP), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), milking day (MD), lactation order (LO). The dependent variable of logistic regression was CMT score. According to the results of the study, the spescifity was 95.7% and the sensitivity was 57.6%. In general, the predicted value of the accuracy of all data was 83.3%.Öğe Early Detection of Mastitis by Using Infrared Thermography in Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cows Via Classification and Regression Tree (CART) Analysis(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 2021) Coşkun, Gizem; Aytekin, İbrahimSubclinical mastitis is an important udder disease that negatively affects both the animal health and reduces profitability in dairy farms. The increasing performance of thermal cameras over time and their usability in different areas increase their use in livestocks. Infrared thermography (IRT) technology is a noninvasive method that can estimate the surface temperature of objects. The objective of this study was to evaluate early detection of mastitis in HolsteinFriesian dairy cattle by using both udder surface temperatures (Tmax) from images obtained with the help of a FLIR One Pro thermal camera and some parameters such as Lab (CIE L*, a*, b*), HSB (Hue, Saturation, Brightness), RGB (Red, Green, Blue) by processing thermal images with the help of ImageJ program via classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. According to California Mastitis Test CMT by using CART analysis in this study, 64.9% of cows with udder surface temperature lower than 38.85 were healthy, and 73.3% of cows higher than 38.85 were determined as unhealthy. As for SCC, 77.6% of cows with udder surface temperature lower than 38.65 were healthy and 58.6% of cows with higher than 38.65 were determined as unhealthy. The areas under ROC (AUC) were found to be statistically significant in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. (P<0.01) The sensitivity and specificity of the CART algorithm for CMT and SCC diagnostic tests were 85.42%, 81.48% and 90.20%, 80.39%, respectively. There was no significant difference between SCC and CMT tests in the area under the ROC curve (P>0.05). As a result, IRT technology can be used as a useful diagnostic tool in the early detection of mastitis.Öğe Estimation of Variance Components for Birth and Weaning Weights in Holstein-Friesian Calves by Using WOMBAT Software(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 2019) Aytekin, İbrahim; Doğan, Şükrü; Odacı, Ömer; Gökcan, GökselThe aim of this study was to determine the variance components for birth and weaning weights in Holstein calves. In this purpose, a total of 675 calf birth weight and 295 weaning weight records of Holstein calves raised at Kuzucu Dairy Cattle Farm in Ereğli, Konya Province were used for estimation of phenotypic and genetic parameters for calf birth weight and weaning weight. Phenotypic and genetic parameters were estimated by WOMBAT program using a Single Trait Animal Model (STAM). The model constitutes of additive direct effect, maternal genetic effect (only for Model II) and errors as random effects, birth type, sex of calf, season of birth, year of birth and age of dam as fixed effects. Least square mean of calf birth weight was determined as 34.992 ± 0.572 kg. The direct heritability (ha 2 ) of calf birth weight was calculated as 0.180±0.109 in Model I and the direct heritability (ha 2 ) and maternal heritability (hm 2 ) of calf birth weight were calculated as 0.154±0.096 and 0.141±0.106 in Model II, respectively. The effect of calving season, birth type, sex and age of dam on birth weight of calf were significant (P<0.01), but not calving year (P>0.05). As for calf weaning weight, least square mean was determined as 74.250 ± 1.775 kg. For calf weaning weight, the direct heritability (ha 2 ) in Model I was calculated as 0.104± 0.126 and the direct heritability (ha 2 ) and maternal heritability (hm 2 ) in Model II were calculated as 0.104± 0.127 and 0.00002±0.341, respectively. The effect of calving year (P<0.05), birth type (P<0.05), sex (P<0.01) and birth weight (P<0.01) on weaning weight of calf were significant, except for calving season and age of dam (P>0.05) Furtermore, estimated breeding values (EBVs) estimated by BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) for calves, sires and dams were found to be in general with the range of -3.245 to 2.577, -2.607 to 2.631 and -1.714 to 1.747 for birth weight and -2.969 to 2.274, -2.650 to 2.376 and -1.456 to 1.301 for weaning weight, respectively.Öğe Evaluation of ISSR markers for genetic diversity analysis in Anatolian Water Buffaloes(WILEY, 2011) Aytekin, İbrahim; Özdil, Fulya; Zülkadir, Uğur; Boztepe, Saim; Sarıyel, VahdettinBACKGROUND: The utilisation of molecular markers has increased in molecular research recently. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers allow the analysis of genomes without preliminary sequence information, since random primers are used. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate ISSR markers for assessing the genetic diversity of indigenous Anatolian Water Buffaloes reared in Afyon, Konya and Sivas provinces of Turkey, with a view to conservation of the gene resources. RESULTS: The 11 ISSR primers chosen for the analysis revealed a total of 110 bands, of which 76(69.09%) were polymorphic. Also, genetic similarity, polymorphic information content (PIC), resolving power (R-p) and mean resolving power ((R-p) over bar), heterozygosity (H) and Shannon index (I) were calculated as 0.9479-0.9562, 0.35 +/- 0.20, 2.73, 0.27, 0.18 +/- 0.07 and 0.28 +/- 0.11, respectively. CONCLUSION: The ISSR markers were found to be promising for assessing the genetic diversity in buffalo populations. Potential genetic parameters such as PIC, R-p, (R-p) over bar, H and I were effectively used in this study. (C) 2011 Society of Chemical IndustryÖğe Genetic Analyses for Milk Yield, Lactation Period and Fat Percentage in Brown Swiss Cattle(MEDWELL ONLINE, 2009) Zülkadir, Uğur; Aytekin, İbrahim; Pala, AkınIn this study, a total of 733 milk yield records of Brown Swiss cows raised at Konuklar State Farm in Konya Province in Turkey were used for estimation of phenotypic and genetic parameters for milk yield, lactation period and fat percentage. The Phenotypic and genetic parameters were estimated by the MTDFREML program using Multiple Trait Animal Model. The model included individual, permanent environment and errors as random effects, year and season of calving, parity, year and age as fixed effects and days in milk as a covariate for milk yield; milk yield as a covariate for lactation period and milk yield and lactation period as covariate for fat percentage. Genetic parameters and breeding value of cow, sire and dam for milk yield in kg, for lactation period in days and for fat percentage in percent were estimated. Cow breeding values ranged from -3006-1724 kg for milk yield, from 10.81-14.22 days for lactation period and from -1.48-0.97% for fat percentage. Likewise, dam breeding values ranged from -1628-862 kg, from -5.69-7.74 days and from -0.76-0.48% for the same traits, respectively. Sire breeding value ranged between -1129 and 862 kg, -8.63 and 5.73 days and -0.68 and 0.83% for the above mentioned traits, respectively. Estimates of heritability were 0.33, 0.11 and 0.39 for milk yield, lactation period and fat percentage, respectively. The genetic correlation between milk yield and fat percentage was positive and high (0.95), whereas the genetic correlation between lactation period and milk yield and between lactation period and fat percentage was negative, -0.49 and -0.73, respectively. Repeatability estimates were 0.34, 0.47 and 0.54 for the same traits, respectively.Öğe Genetic Variation in Turkish Honeybees Apis Mellifera Anatoliaca, A. m. Caucasica, A. m. Meda (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Inferred from RFLP Analysis of Three mtDNA Regions (16S rDNA-COİ-ND5)(CZECH ACAD SCI, INST ENTOMOLOGY, 2012) Özdil, Fulya; Aytekin, İbrahim; İlhan, Fatma; Boztepe, SaimIn this study, the genetic structure of Turkish honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations, mainly obtained from the Central Anatolian region, were investigated at three different mitochondrial regions. A total of 165 worker bees were collected from 15 different populations in ten different locations. Portions of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rDNA), cytochrome C oxidase I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase 5 (ND5) genes were amplified by PCR and then subjected to RFLP pattern analysis using 18 restriction enzymes (these having at least one recognition site in each region were used). Nucleotide polymorphisms were revealed using restriction enzymes Bsp1431, DraI and SspI in 16S rDNA and TaqI in the COI gene segment. The polymorphisms were subsequently confirmed by direct DNA sequencing with sequences thereafter deposited in Genbank. In this study, six novel composite genotypes (haplotypes) were found in Turkish honey bee populations. The most common haplotype, type 1, was found in 12 of the sampled populations and overall accounted for 85.5% of the samples. TCS spanning network of haplotypes revealed that type 1 was the basal haplotype. Genetic distance (D) values were found to be low (0.0-0.0112) within Turkish honey bee populations. The average haplotype diversity (h) within populations was 0.082. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that Konya/Sizma, Antalya/Elmali and Konya/Selcuklu populations were the most distant from all the other Turkish honey bee populations surveyed.Öğe Güney Karaman koyun ırkında genetik polimorfizmin RAPD-PCR yöntemi ile belirlenmesi(Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2006-07-21) Aytekin, İbrahim; Boztepe, SaimBu çalışmada amaç, RAPD-PCR yöntemini kullanarak Güney Karaman koyunlarında genetik polimorfizmi belirlemektir. Bireysel genotiplerin analizi genetik benzerlik, polimorfizm ve heterozigotluk gibi populasyon içi genetik parametrelerin anlaşılması için bilgi sağlamıştır. RAPD-PCR, 8 erkek ve 8 dişi toplam 16 bireysel genotipte rasgele seçilmiş oligonükleotid primerler ile gerçekleştirildi. Bu primerlerden çoğaltılabilir ve skorlanabilir olan en uygun 10 primer seçilerek toplam 1451 DNA bandı elde edilmiştir. Bütün RAPD bantları 600-3000 bç (baz çifti) aralığında tespit edilmiştir. Toplam 147 fragmanın 133'ü polimorfik (%90.48) 14'ü monomorfik (%9.52) bulunmuştur. Populasyon içi ortalama genetik benzerlik (Bant Paylaşım Frekansı, Fxy) ve genetik uzaklık oranları sırasıyla 0.7009 ve 0.2991 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ortalama heterozigotluk oranı 0.3273±0.1697 olarak tahmin edilmiştir.Öğe Investigation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 (IGFBP-3) Polymorphism in Anatolian Black and Holstein Friesian Cattle Breeds(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 2020) Fadhıl, Marwan; Aytekin, İbrahim; Zülkadir, UğurInsulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) gene is a structural gene which is associated with development and growth in livestock. The present study aimed to investigate the polymorphisms of IGFBP-3 gene in Holstein Friesian (HF) and Anatolian Black (AB) cattle breeds. BsuRI (GG?CC) restriction enzyme was used to detect of IGFBP-3 gene polymorphism. Although Anatolian Black breed was monomorphic (AA genotype), three genotypes (AA, AB and BB) were detected in Holstein Friesian breed by digestion of PCR products with BsuRI. The A and B allele frequencies were 0.57 and 0.43, respectively, in Holstein Friesian breed, while A allele frequency was 1.00 in Anatolian Black breed. AA, AB and BB genotype frequencies were 0.32, 0.50 and 0.18, respectively in the Holstein Friesian breed. All three possible genotypes weare detected in Holstein Friesian breed. In the analysis made taking into account Hardy-Weingberg equilibrium, significant deviation was not observed in terms of genotype distributions (P>0.05). In other words, the Holstein Friesian cattle population was found in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.Öğe Konuklar Tarım İşletmesinde yetiştirilen esmer sığırlarda leptin ve Pit-1 geni polimorfizmleri ile süt verimi ve kompozisyonu arasındaki ilişkiler(Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011-12-31) Aytekin, İbrahim; Boztepe, SaimBu araştırmada toplam 301 baş Esmer sığırda leptin genindeki dört (Kpn2I_94, Sau3AI_1820/422 HphI_331 and BsaAI_522) ve pit-1 genindeki bir (HinfI_451) polimorfizmin genetik çeşitliliği incelenmiş ve genotipler ile 305 günlük süt verimi (LSV305), kontrol süt verimi (KSV), yağ (%), protein (%), laktoz (%), yoğunluk (kg/m3), yağsız kuru madde (%), kül (%), donma noktası (oC) ile sütün pH ve iletkenlik (uS/cm) gibi özellikleri arasındaki muhtemel ilişkiler değerlendirilmiştir. Allel frekansları leptin genindeki Kpn2I_94'de C: 0.553 ve T: 0.447, Sau3AI_1820'de A: 0.658, B: 0.198 ve C: 0.144, Sau3AI_422'de A: 0.777 ve B: 0.223, HphI_331'de C: 0.849 ve T: 0.151, BsaAI_522'de A: 0.342 ve G: 0.658 ile Pit-1 genindeki HinfI_451'de A: 0.374 ve B:0.626 olarak bulunmuştur. Süt bileşenleri dışında 305 günlük süt verimi ve kontrol süt verimleri ile bazı leptin geni polimorfizmleri (BsaAI and HinfI) arasında istatistik olarak önemli ilişkiler bulunmuştur (P<0.05). BsaAI'da AA genotipliler ile HphI'de CT genotipliler ve T allelinin LSV305 ve KSV bakımından diğerlerinden istatistik olarak bir üstünlüğü bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte Sau3AI 1820/422 polimorfizmindeki genotipler bu özellikler ile istastistik olarak önemli bir ilişki göstermemişlerdir (P>0.05), fakat LSV305'deki (P=0.11, P=0.13) ve KSV'deki (P=0.12, P=0.08) önem seviyelerindeki eğilimlerinden dolayı B alleli seleksiyonda tercih edilebilir.Öğe Malya kuzularında Karkas bölgelerinin yağ asidi kompozisyonu(2013) Karabacak, Ali; Aytekin, İbrahim; Boztepe, SaimBu çalışma açık ağıl şartlarında besiye alınan Malya erkek kuzuların, karkaslarının farklı bölgelerinde yağ asidi kompozisyonu ve CLA (Conjuge linoleik asid) içeriklerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yaklaşık 20 kg ağırlıkta 58 gün süreyle besiye alınan kuzular, ortalama 37.94 kg canlı ağırlıkta kesime gönderilmiştir. Kuzuların günlük canlı ağırlık artışları ortalama 319 g, soğuk karkas ağırlıkları 18.59 kg olarak bulunmuştur. Besi süresince kuzulara ad-libitum kesif yeme ek olarak 150 g/baş kuru yonca otu verilmiştir. Kesimden sonra karkasın pelvis, bel, döş ve kuyruk bölgelerinden alınan numunelerde yağ asitleri kompozisyonuna bakılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda pelvis bölgesinde toplam SFA, MUFA, PUFA, Trans ve CLA sırasıyla (%) 51.19, 35.93, 5.64, 6.59 ve 0.648 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bel, döş ve kuyruk bölgelerinde SFA, MUFA, PUFA, Trans ve CLA sırayla 41.82, 43.44, 9.64, 4.35 ve 0.757; 39.52, 51.40, 4.45, 3.67 ve 0,960; 45.01, 41.57, 5.75, 6.90 ve 0.767 olarak tespit edilmiştir.Öğe Melatonin Differences Between Day and Night Milk in Primiparous Holstein Friesian and Jersey Dairy Cattle(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 2022) Boztepe, Saim; Keskin, İsmail; Semacan, Ahmet; Akyürek, Fikret; Aytekin, İbrahim; Şahin, ÖzcanThis study was conducted to determine the levels of melatonin in the day and night milk of Holstein and Jersey cows. In the study, samples of daytime milk produced from 27 head of Holstein and 27 head of Jersey cows in the first lactation, which were raised in a private dairy cattle enterprise in the Kaşınhanı neighborhood of Meram district of Konya city Turkey, and night milk samples taken from the same cows that were blackened for one (1) week were used. Melatonin levels in milk samples taken from day and night milk were determined separately for Holstein and Jersey cows with the help of Bovine Melatonin (MLT) Elisa Kit. In the study, it was determined that the ratio of melatonin in day and night milk in Holstein cows was 2.912 pg/ml and 11.314 pg/ml, respectively, and the ratio of melatonin in Jersey cows was 2.924 pg/ml and 6.954 pg/ml in the same order. The difference between the melatonin levels of the day and night milk of Holstein and Jersey cows was found to be statistically significant (p<0.01). At the end of the study, it can be stated that night milk can be used for medical purposes and a new production source may arise for producers since there is a significant difference in melatonin between day and night milk.Öğe Prediction of Fattening Final Live Weight from some Body Measurements and Fattening Period in Young Bulls of Crossbred and Exotic Breeds using MARS Data Mining Algorithm(ZOOLOGICAL SOC PAKISTAN, 2018) Aytekin, İbrahim; Eyduran, Ecevit; Karadaş, Köksal; Akşahan, Rifat; Keskin, İsmailThe aim of this investigation was to develop a prediction equation for fattening final live body weight from several body measurements and fattening period of native, crossbred and exotic breeds. For this aim, a total of 103 young bulls were used. In the prediction of fattening final live weight as an output variable, several continuous predictors evaluated in the current study were: withers height (WH), back height (BH), front rump height (FRH), back rump height (BRH), body length (BL), back rump width (BRW), chest depth (CD) and chest circumference (CC). Also, the breed factor was considered as a nominal predictor and fattening period (FP) was accepted as an ordinal predictor. To obtain the prediction equation, the results of Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) data mining algorithm as a non-parametric regression technique was implemented. To measure predictive accuracy of MARS, model evaluation criteria such as coefficient of determination (R-2), adjusted coefficient of determination (R-ADJ(2)), SDRATIO and Pearson coefficient (r) between actual and predicted values in fattening final live weight were calculated. To reveal the highest predictive ability in the MARS algorithm, numbers of terms and basis functions were set at 21 and 45 where order of interactions was three. Except for CD, other predictors were entered into MARS model. MARS showed very high predictive capability (R-2=0.9717, R-ADJ(2)=0.9643, SDRATIO=0.168 and r=0.986) for the data evaluated in the investigation. Also, GCV value of the MARS prediction equation was found as 409.83. In conclusion, it could be suggested that a very reliable prediction equation with the predictive accuracy of nearly 100 (%) was developed in practice by using MARS data mining algorithm, which a quite remarkable tool in the prediction of fattening final live weight with interaction effects of predictors and in description of breed standards, in the development of breeding strategies and especially in the detection of ideal fattening period for each breed under the condition.Öğe Relationship between Persistency Values Defined with Various Methods and Some Lactation Traits of Brown Swiss Cattle in Turkey(GARUDA SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS, 2008) Zülkadir, Uğur; Aytekin, İbrahim; Keskin, İsmailThe study was conducted to compute the persistency values of the animals in different lactation periods with various methods drawing upon 3695 test day milk yield of 182 lactations of Brown Swiss cattle in Konya Konuklar Agricultural Enterprise. The computed persistency values of the animals in the first lactation were different (P<0.01) from the other lactations. Lactation number (P<0.05) and calving seasons (P<0.01) effected persistency values. The phenotypic correlation of the methods within the group and with lactation milk yield, lactation period, daily average milk yield and daily maximum milk yield were highly significant (P<0.01). The Solkner and Fuchs's model based on standard deviation of 305 d lactation period showed the highest phenotypic correlation for lactation milk yield (LMY), daily average milk yield (DAMY), daily maximum milk yield (DMMY), and the best fit to the data collected from Brown Swiss cattle and allowed a suitable description of the shape of the lactation curve.Öğe Somatic cell count, importance and effect factors in dairy cattle(2014) Aytekin, İbrahim; Boztepe, SaimThe somatic cell count (SCC) is commonly used as a measure of udder health and milk quality. Thus, to determine the milk quality standards in many countries, it legally determined as an indicator of somatic cell count raw milk and determines the level of payments to milk producers. The present study investigated that the somatic cell count is an indicator of udder health status, diagnosis of subclinical mastitis, health and quality of milk and milk products, its importance and effect factors on it.Öğe Some Phenotypic Parameters of Marketable Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L., 1758) Reared in the Carp Farm Pools in Kirkuk Province of Iraq(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 2019) Mohammed, Ahmed Imad; Fadhıl, Marwan; Aytekin, İbrahimCommon carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important cultured fish in the world aquaculture industry. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic parameters of some body measurements in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) reared in pools in Kirkuk province of Iraq. In this study, the means of body weight, total length, body depth and fork length in common carps were determined as, 2.097±0.034 kg, 45.820±0.242 cm, 14.446±0.240 cm and 38.040±0.210 cm for male and 2.050±0.033 kg, 45.850±0.277 cm, 14.120±0.154 cm and 37.960±0.227 cm for female (P>0.05), respectively. Besides, condition factor was determined as 2.1829±0.0338 for male and 2.1383±0.0409 for females (P>0.05), respectively.
