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Öğe Chemical composition and biological activities of extracts from three Salvia species: S. blepharochlaena, S. euphratica var. leiocalycina, and S. verticillata subsp amasiaca(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2018) Zengin, Gökhan; Llorent-Martinez, Eulogio J.; Luisa Fernandez-de Cordova, Maria; Bahadori, Mir Babak; Mocan, Andrei; Locatelli, Marcello; Aktümsek, AbdurrahmanThe genus Salvia has recently attracted great attention due to its notable biological activities. Within this context, in this study, the chemical characterization and biological effects of three extracts (dichloromethane (DCM), methanol (MeOH), and water) from three Salvia species (S. blepharochlaena (SB), S. euphratica var. leiocalycina (SE), and S. verticillata subsp. atnasica (SV)) were assessed. For the chemical characterization, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic components in the methanol extracts was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-UV-ESI-MS). Total phenolic, flavonoid and phenolic acid contents were also studied. Concerning the biological effects, antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging; ferric (FRAP) and cupric (CUPRAC) reducing power; phosphomo-lybdenum, and metal chelating assays), enzyme inhibitory (cholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase, glucosidase, lipase, and elastase) and cytotoxic effects (A-549 and MCF-7 cell lines) were evaluated. After the evaluation of the phytochemical profile by HPLC-UV-ESI-MSn, it was observed that the main compound in the analyzed extracts was rosmarinic acid, which was present at high concentrations, particularly in SV, which presented rosmarinic acid levels higher than the usual levels found in other Salvia species or related plants. Generally, the SV-water extract presented the strongest antioxidant abilities with higher levels of total bioactive compounds. However, the studied DCM extracts had higher enzyme inhibitory potentials compared with MeOH and water extracts. SE-DCM exerted the most potent cytotoxic effects, followed by SB-water and SB-MeOH extracts.Öğe Chemical profile, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory properties of two Scutellaria species: S-orientalis L. and S-salviifolia Benth(WILEY, 2019) Zengin, Gökhan; Llorent-Martinez, Eulogio J.; Molina-Garcia, Lucia; Fernandez-de Cordova, Maria Luisa; Aktümsek, Abdurrahman; Uysal, Şengül; Rengasamy, Kannan R. R.; Aumeeruddy, Muhammad Zakariyyah; Bahadori, Mir Babak; Mahomoodally, Mohamad FawziObjectives This study investigates into the biological effects of solvent extracts (ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) of Scutellaria orientalis L. and Scutellaria salviifolia Benth. based on its enzyme inhibitory activity and antioxidant ability together with the screening of bioactive compounds. Methods Total and individual bioactive components were determined using spectrophotometric and HPLC-ESI-MS methods. Six antioxidant assays were conducted and enzyme inhibition was tested against key enzymes linked to the pathology of common chronic disorders. Key findings Results revealed that the aqueous extracts of both plants exerted better 2,2 '-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid scavenging, reducing power, metal chelating, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The methanol extracts showed highest tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidant activity in phosphomolybdenum assay while the less polar ethyl acetate extracts showed better acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and alpha-amylase inhibition. Phytochemical evaluation by HPLC-ESI-MS revealed the presence of high amounts of flavones. Conclusions Scutellaria orientalis and S. salviifolia are important sources of bioactive agents that warrants further studies.Öğe Impact of different extraction solvents and techniques on the biological activities of Cirsium yildizianum (Asteraceae: Cynareae)(ELSEVIER, 2020) Llorent-Martinez, Eulogio J.; Zengin, Gökhan; Sinan, Kouadio Ibrahime; Polat, Rıdvan; Canlı, Deniz; Picot-Allain, Marie Carene Nancy; Mahomoodally, Mohamad FawziSeveral Cirsium species have been used in folk medicine for the management of human ailments. However, there is a paucity of scientific data regarding their biological activity as in the case of the new species, C. yildizianum, from Anatolia, Turkey. The present study endeavours for the first time to appraise the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity of C. yildizianum. The phytochemical profiles of C. yildizianum extracts obtained using homogeniser-assisted extraction (HAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), Soxhlet extraction, maceration, decoction, and infusion, using methanol or water as extraction solvents, was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-ESI-MSn) analysis. In all extracts, flavonoids were the most abundant compounds, particularly luteolin and apigenin glycosides. HAE methanol extract presented the highest phenolic (37.10 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and flavonoid (46.78 mg rutin equivalent/g) contents. Likewise, HAE-methanol extract showed potent radical scavenging (40.76 and 68.13 mg Trolox equivalent [TE]/g, for DPPH and ABTS, respectively) and reducing properties (127.62 and 89.95 mg TE/g, for CUPRAC and FRAP, respectively). HAE-methanol extract showed inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (3.57 mg galantamine equivalent [GALAE]/g). UAE-methanol extract was a potent inhibitor of butrylcholinesterase (BChE) (2.72 mg GALAE/g) and tyrosinase (121.06 mg kojic acid equivalent/g) However, poor inhibition was recorded for enzymes targeted in the management of diabetes type II, namely alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. On the other hand, potent metal chelating property was observed for water extracts. This study provides comprehensive scientific information on the phytochemical profile of C. yildizianum extracted using different procedures and extraction solvents, which might be considered as valuable baseline data for future bioproducts development.Öğe Integration of in vitro and in silico perspectives to explain chemical characterization, biological potential and anticancer effects of Hypericum salsugineum: A pharmacologically active source for functional drug formulations(PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE, 2018) Bender, Onur; Llorent-Martinez, Eulogio J.; Zengin, Gökhan; Mollica, Adriano; Ceylan, Ramazan; Molina-Garcia, Lucia; Fernandez-de Cordova, Maria Luisa; Atalay, ArzuThe genus Hypericum is one of the most popular genera in both traditional medicine and scientific platform. This study is designed to provide conceptual insights on the biological potential and chemical characterization of H. salsugineum, which is endemic to Turkey. The qualitative and quantitative phenolic content of the extracts was characterized by HPLC-ESI-MSn. Biological efficiency was investigated by enzyme inhibitory assays (cholinesterases, tyrosinase, amylase, and glucosidase) and anti-cancer efficacy tests (anti-proliferative activities with the iCELLigence technology, colony formation and wound healing scratch assays). Phenolic acids (3-O-caffeoylquinic, 5-O-caffeoylquinic, and 4-O-caffeoylquinic acids) were the predominant group in the studied extracts, although several flavonoids were also detected and quantified. The extracts exhibited good inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and glucosidase, while they had weak ability against cholinesterases and amylase. Computational studies were also performed to explain the interactions between the major phenolics and these enzymes. The extracts displayed significant anti-cancer effects on breast carcinoma cell lines. Our findings suggest that Hypericum salsugineum could be valued as a potential source of biologically-active compounds for designing novel products.Öğe Lathyrus Aureus and Lathyrus Pratensis: Characterization of Phytochemical Profiles by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, and Evaluation of Their Enzyme Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2016) Llorent-Martinez, Eulogio J.; Ortega-Barrales, Pilar; Zengin, Gökhan; Uysal, Şengül; Ceylan, Ramazan; Güler, Gökalp Özmen; Mocan, Andrei; Aktümsek, AbdurrahmanDifferent wild plants commonly used in folk medicine, such as different species from the genus Lathyrus, may represent new sources of biologically active compounds. Hence, a study of the composition and (bio)chemical behaviour of extracts from these plants may provide valuable information. To evaluate the phytochemical profile, and the enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activities of the aerial parts of L. pratensis and L. aureus, extracts from both plants were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-ESI-MSn). The in vitro antioxidant activity (phosphomolybdenum, beta-carotene bleaching, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC and metal chelating) and enzyme inhibitory activity (acetyl cholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase) were also investigated for these Lathyrus species. Flavonoids and saponins were the main groups of compounds detected in the extracts from both plants. Generally, the methanol and water extracts presented remarkable antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects; all the observed results are critically discussed. The content of organic compounds and the antioxidant and enzyme assays suggest that these plants may be further used in phytopharmaceutical or food industry applications.Öğe Multidirectional insights on Chrysophyllum perpulchrum leaves and stem bark extracts: HPLC-ESI-MSn profiles, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2019) Baloğlu, Mehmet Cengiz; Llorent-Martinez, Eulogio J.; Aumeeruddy, Muhammad Zakariyyah; Mahomoodally, Mohamad Fawzi; Altunoğlu, Yasemin Çelik; Ustaoğlu, Buket; Öçal, Mustafa; Gürel, Songül; Bene, Kouadio; Sinan, Kouadio Ibrahime; Zengin, GökhanCluysophyllum perpulchrum Mildbr. ex Hutch. & Dalziel has been reported to possess several therapeutic properties in African traditional medicine. However, its pharmacological properties have not been fully studied. Herein, we focused on the evaluation of the antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of three solvent extracts (ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) of the stem bark and leaves. Polyphenolic components of the extracts were also identified by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-ESI-MSn). The methanolic stem bark extract possess the highest DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging, ferric and molybdenum (VI) reducing, and the highest inhibitory effect against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. The aqueous stem bark extract displayed the highest ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) scavenging and cupric reducing power. In contrast, the leaf ethyl acetate extract was the most effective metal chelator and a-amylase inhibitor while the leaf methanolic extract exhibited the highest tyrosinase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition. The highest total phenolic content (131.58 mg GAE/g extract) was recorded from the methanolic stem bark extract while the leaf methanolic extract was the richest in total flavonoid content (30.43 mg RE/g extract). Flavan-3-ols were main group in the methanol extracts. The minimum inhibitiory concentration values for the methanolic stem bark extract against Gram positive and negative bacteria strains ranged between 62.5-125 mu g/ml. Bark extracts of C. petpulchrtun were very effective against Salmonella kentucky, Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus aureus at 62.5 mu g/ml. In addition, cytotoxic activity of stem bark samples was evident at lower concentration than those of leaf extracts. Stem bark extracts displayed the highest prevention against to HeLa cell line (IC50 = 264 mu g/mL after 48 h). In light of the above, C. perpulcluum might provide health benefits against oxidative stress and the associated chronic diseases. Nonetheless, the detailed mechanism of action is yet to be further investigated.Öğe Parentucellia latifolia subsp. latifolia: A potential source for loganin iridoids by HPLC-ESI-MSn technique(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2019) Llorent-Martinez, Eulogio J.; Fernandez-de Cordova, Maria Luisa; Zengin, Gökhan; Bahadori, Mir Babak; Aumeeruddy, Muhammad Zakariyyah; Rengasamy, Kannan R. R.; Mahomoodally, Mohamad FawziThis study attempts to compare the pharmaceutical potential (antioxidant and key enzyme inhibition of clinical relevance) of organic and aqueous extracts of Parentucellia latifolia (L) Caruel subsp. latifolia (L) Caruel as well as phytochemical composition. The phytochemical compounds were evaluated by spectrophotometric methods (for total amounts) and HPLC-ESI-DAD-MSn (for individual compounds). The extracts were screened for antioxidant abilities by in vitro assays. Inhibition effects were also investigated against a set of enzymes linked to major health problems. Generally, the methanol (MeOH) and aqueous extracts displayed higher scavenging abilities on radicals and reductive effects when compared with the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract. On the other hand, the EtOAc extract was the most active inhibitor on cholinesterases (1.81-1.88 mg GALAE/g), amylase (0.70 mmol ACAE/g), glucosidase (2.85 mmol ACAE/g) and lipase (33.24 mg OE/g). The highest TPC was observed in the aqueous extract (25.07 mg GAE/g) while MeOH extract possessed the highest level of TFC (44.15 mg RE/g) and TPAC (3.46 mg CE/g). LCMSn metabolite profiling indicated that loganin and its isomers, rutin, and luteolin-O-hexoside were the most abundant compounds. Our results suggest that P. latifolia may be valuable source of phyto-agents for the management of noncommunicable diseases. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Pharmacological and polyphenolic profiles of Phyllanthus phillyreifolius var. comrnersonii Mull. Arg: An unexplored endemic species from Mauritius(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2019) Mahomoodally, Mohamad Fawzi; Yerlikaya, Şerife; Llorent-Martinez, Eulogio J.; Uğurlu, Aslı; Baloğlu, Mehmet Cengiz; Altunoğlu, Yasemin Çelik; Mollica, Adriano; Dardenne, Kurty Kersley; Aumeeruddy, Muhammad Zakariyyah; Puchooa, Daneshwar; Zengin, GökhanPhyllanduts phillyreifolius var. conunersonii Mfill. Arg is an endemic plant of Mauritius. To date, no study has been performed concerning its polyphenolic profile and pharmacological properties. In this study, a decoction (water), ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the aerial parts of P. phillyreifolius, obtained from different extraction procedures (maceration and Soxhlet), were studied for antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and enzyme inhibitory properties along with their polyphenolic profile. The ethyl acetate macerated extract showed high antibacterial activity against B. cereus (MIC = 0.293 mg/mL) and E. coil (MIC = 0.417 mg/mL) while S. epidermidis was most susceptible to the ethyl acetate-Soxhlet extract (MIC = 0.521 mg/mL). The methanolSoxhlet extract displayed the most potent cupric and ferric reducing power, and metal chelating effect, while the macerated methanolic extract was the most effective DPPH and ABTS scavenger, and BChE inhibitor. Only the ethyl acetate-Soxhlet extract exhibited alpha-glucosidase inhibition. All extracts exhibited a strong anti-tyrosinase activity, which was further investigated by molecular docking and molecular dynamic. After 48 h exposure to the extracts for HeLa cell lines, the ethyl acetate-Soxhlet extract showed the highest inhibition (IC50 = 533.1 pg/mL) while the decoction extract was more cytotoxic to MDA-MB-231 cells (IC50 = 337.4 pg/mL). Treatment of cancer cell lines with all P. phillyreifolius extracts resulted in a time-dependent reduction of cell viability for HeLa and dose-and time-dependent reduction for MDA-MB-231. Gene expression ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax was higher for all Soxhlet-extracts. Total phenolics (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) content were highest in the decoction and methanol-Soxhlet extract, respectively (122.43 mg GAE/g extract and 31.28 mg RE/g extract, respectively). The extracts were abundant in ellagitannins, although phenolic acids and flavonoids were also detected. Granatin B was detected for the first time in Phyllanthus species. Overall, the aerial parts of P. phillyreifolius exemplify a potent reservoir of bioactive phytochemicals for therapeutic applications.Öğe Phenolic characterization, antioxidant activity, and enzyme inhibitory properties of berberis thunbergii DC. leaves: A valuable source of phenolic acids(MDPI, 2019) del Pilar Fernandez-Poyatos, Maria; Ruiz-Medina, Antonio; Zengin, Gökhan; Llorent-Martinez, Eulogio J.Berberis species are known for their use in traditional medicine. Here, we report the phenolic composition and bioactivity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Berberis thunbergii DC. leaves. The phenolic profiling and the quantitation of the main compounds were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometry detections. The most abundant compounds in both extracts were caffeoylquinic acids (chlorogenic acid, particularly, with a concentration of 90.1-101.3 mg g(-1) dried extract), followed by caffeoylglucaric acids and quercetin glycosides. Antioxidant and radical scavenging assays (phosphomolybdenum, DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, metal chelating activity), as well as enzyme inhibitory assays (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase, glucosidase, and lipase), were carried out to evaluate the potential bioactivity of B. thunbergii. The methanolic extract presented the highest antioxidant and radical scavenging values, in agreement with its higher phenolic content. Regarding enzyme inhibitory potential, the methanolic extract was also more potent than the aqueous one. Hence, B. thunbergii leaves represent a suitable candidate for the preparation of pharmaceutical or nutraceutical products.Öğe Phytochemical characterization, in vitro and in silico approaches for three Hypericum species(ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY, 2018) Llorent-Martinez, Eulogio J.; Zengin, Gökhan; Lobine, Devina; Molina-Garcia, Lucia; Mollica, Adriano; Mahomoodally, Mohamad FawziMembers of the Hypericum genus are spread throughout the world and have a long history of use in traditional systems of medicines. In this present investigation, the methanolic extracts of aerial parts of three Hypericum species (H. olympicum (HO), H. pruinatum (HP), and H. scabrum (HS)) growing in Turkey were investigated for their key enzyme inhibitory potential. The chemical profiles were evaluated using HPLC-ESI-MSn, and their total phenolic and flavonoid contents were established. Also, relevant bioactive compounds observed in the extracts were subjected to molecular docking experiments to provide insights into their interactions with the tested enzymes. HPLC-ESI-MSn analysis revealed that the extract of HO, followed by the HS extract, has the highest total phenolic content (38 +/- 1.0 mg g(-1) DE), with flavonoids as major components. The extracts showed remarkable enzyme inhibitory effects against cholinesterases (AChE and BChE - 0.56-2.03 mgGALAE per g extract), tyrosinase, and alpha-glucosidase. Only HO (61.32 +/- 3.27 mgQE per g) and HP (39.88 +/- 2.51 mgQE per g) extracts showed notable inhibitory potency against lipase, while all the tested extracts exhibited modest activity against alpha-amylase. The phytochemicals with the most favourable interactions in the enzymatic cavity of alpha-glucosidase were found to be hyperoside, myricetin, and neo-chlorogenic acid, each with a docking score of -7.7. From these results, the three Hypericum species can be classified as potent sources of biologically active secondary metabolites, which warrant further investigations as novel medicinal products.Öğe Tamarindus indica L. Seed: Optimization of maceration extraction recovery of tannins(SPRINGER, 2020) Cvetanovic, Aleksandra; Uysal, Şengül; Pavlic, Branimir; Sinan, Kouadio Ibrahime; Llorent-Martinez, Eulogio J.; Zengin, GökhanThe seeds of Tamarindus indica L., classified as bio-waste, are powerful sources of bioactive compounds, especially tannins. In order to use its full potential, extraction of such bioactive constituents should be done under the optimized conditions. In the frame of this paper, central-composite experimental design and RSM (response surface methodology) were applied in order to investigate the impact of the maceration parameters on target responses and to optimize extraction process. Extraction was performed under the different levels of extraction solvent (methanol), temperature, and solvent-to-sample ratio. Obtained extracts were evaluated in terms of total phenols, flavanols, and tannin yield and in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC). Experimental results were fitted to a second-order polynomial model where regression analysis and analysis of variance were used to determine model fitness and optimal extraction conditions. Optimized extraction conditions determined by RSM were methanol concentration of 69.99%, extraction temperature of 23.38 degrees C, solvent-to-sample ratio of 1:20. Chemical characterization of the extract obtained under the optimized conditions was done by using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS technique. The study could provide a scientific baseline for designing novel functional products from T. indica seeds in further studies.Öğe Traditionally Used Lathyrus Species: Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, Enzyme Inhibitory Properties, Cytotoxic Effects, and in silico Studies of L-czeczottianus and L-nissolia(FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2017) Llorent-Martinez, Eulogio J.; Zengin, Gökhan; Cordova, Maria L. Fernandez-De; Bender, Onur; Atalay, Arzu; Ceylan, Ramazan; Mollica, AdrianoMembers of the genus Lathyrus are used as food and as traditional medicines. In order to find new sources of biologically-active compounds, chemical and biological profiles of two Lathyrus species (L. czeczottianus and L. nissolia) were investigated. Chemical profiles were evaluated by HPLC-ESI-MSn, as well as by their total phenolic and flavonoid contents. In addition, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects were also investigated. Antioxidant properties were tested by using different assays (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelation). Cholinesterases (AChE and BChE), tyrosinase, alpha-amylase, and alpha-glucosidase were used to evaluate enzyme inhibitory effects. Moreover, vitexin (apigenin-8-C-glucoside) and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid were further subjected to molecular docking experiments to provide insights about their interactions at molecular level with the tested enzymes. In vitro cytotoxic effects were examined against human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) by using iCELLigence real time cell analysis system. Generally, L. czeczottianus exhibited stronger antioxidant properties than L. nissolia. However, L. nissolia had remarkable enzyme inhibitory effects against cholinesterase, amylase and glucosidase. HPLC-ESI-MSn analysis revealed that flavonoids were major components in these extracts. On the basis of these results, Lathyrus extracts were rich in biologically active components; thus, these species could be utilized to design new phytopharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations.
