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Öğe Age and gender related changes in bronchial tree: a morphometric study with multidedector CT(VERDUCI PUBLISHER, 2016) Ulusoy, M.; Uysal, I. I.; Kivrak, A. S.; Ozbek, S.; Karabulut, A. K.; Paksoy, Y.; Unver Dogan, N.OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study are the identification of differences in the diameter, length, area and branching angles of the trachea and bronchi with gender and age, and the identification of trachea types by using MDCT images. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The thoracic MDCT images of 253 patients (0-74 years old, 142 male and 111 female) were evaluated. Tracheal diameter, tracheal cross-sectional area, diameter and length of bronchi, and several angles of the bronchial tree [e.g. subcarinal angles (SCA), interbronchial angles (IBA)] were measured. RESULTS: Average anteroposterior and transverse diameter of the trachea in adult patients were measured as 15.8 +/- 2.9 mm and 17.5 +/- 3.7 mm respectively. Average tracheal cross-sectional areas in adult patients were calculated as 160.7 +/- 41.3 mm(2) in females and as 275.7 +/- 57.3 mm(2) in males. Four types of trachea were identified as circular (68% in adults, 73% in children), oval (13%, 15%), rectangular (11%, 5%) and horseshoe shaped (8%, 7%). The average right and left SCA were calculated as 34.5 degrees +/- 8.1 degrees and 38.1 degrees +/- 8.9 degrees respectively. The average right and left IBA were calculated as 32.4 degrees +/- 7.7 degrees and 35.2 degrees +/- 8.1 degrees respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study may be helpful during bronchoscopy and tube and stent application procedures. MDCT seems to be a convenient technique for the evaluation of the bronchial tree.Öğe Analysis of the Embryonic Growth Supporting Fractions of Extra Embryonic Coelomic Fluid (EECF)(1997) Karabulut, A. K.; Layfield, R.; Ülger, H.; Pratten, M. K.[Abstract not Available]Öğe Effects of Morphine on the Rat Lymphoid Organs and Adrenal Glands: Results of Enzyme Histochemical and Histometric Investigations(ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE TOULOUSE, 2001) Salbacak, A.; Çelik, I.; Karabulut, A. K.; Özkan, Y.; Uysal, I. I.; Çiçekçibaşı, A. E.Effects of morphine on the rat lymphoid tissues and adrenal glands were investigated by means of histological, histometrical and enzyme histochemical methods. The experimental animals were treated with 5 mg/kg morphine hydrochloride at daily intervals for 30 days. Morphine treatment caused severe lymphoid cell depletion from spleen, thymus and lymph nodes whereas, ileal Peyer's patches were affected moderately. Both peripheral blood lymphocyte percentage and ANAE-positive lymphocyte frequency in the lymphocyte fraction decreased. The changes in lymphoid organs provide morphological evidence for morphine induced immune suppression. Along with these, observation of the thickening of the adrenal cortex and medulla might show that morphine induced immuno suppression may occur via increased glucocorticoid secretion.Öğe Growth-Promoting Effects of Different Fractions of Extra-Embryonic Coelomic Fluid on Embryonic Development(Wıley, 2000) Karabulut, A. K.; Layfield, R.; Pratten, M. K.In the early stages of embryonic development, many growth-promoting molecules must be provided by the maternal system. These factors may be supplied locally to the embryo, by the decidua, the placenta, or the yolk sac. In this study the growth-promoting potential of extra-embryonic coelomic fluid (EECF) and its fractions was investigated. The embryonic requirement of growth-promoting molecules may be studied by reducing the growth-supporting capacity of serum. Thus, ultrafiltration of rat serum was carried out for 8h using Millipore filters with a molecular weight exclusion of 30 kDa. Rat embryos at 9.5 days of age were cultured for 8 days for anembryonic yolk sacs, and then EECF was collected and divided into three different molecular weight fractions by ultrafiltration. Rat embryos were cultured for 48 h in whole rat serum and the serum retenate (which has low growth-supporting capacity) in the presence and absence of EECF, its fractions, or in EECF only. Embryos grown in retenate showed severe growth retardation, and the addition of EECF significantly improved embryonic growth. The fraction which contained the molecules with molecular weight between 10 and 30 kDa had significantly more effect on embryonic development than the other fractions. This fraction of EECF was analysed by gel electrophoresis. Three of the four protein bands observed in this fraction were identified by amino-terminal sequencing as alpha-fetoprotein precursor (22 kDa), apolipoprotein Al precursor (24kDa) and fetal haemoglobin Y2 chain /14kDa), none of which are likely to be responsible for the growth-promoting activity. To further investigate growth-promoting proteins, EECF was Western-blotted to nitrocellulose membranes and probed with antisera against rat prolactin, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factors I and II and human placental lactogen. No immunoreactive bands were detected in the EECF, suggesting that either these proteins are not present or are present at levels too low to be detected. Although the growth-promoting effect of the EECF was demonstrated in this study, the molecules responsible remain uncharacterized.Öğe Investigation of Developmental Toxicity and Teratogenicity of Antiemetics on Rat Embryos Cultured In Vitro(WILEY, 2013) Fazliogullari, Z.; Karabulut, A. K.; Uysal, I. I.; Unver Dogan, N.; Acar, H.In this study, we aimed to investigate and compare the direct toxic and teratogenic effects of dimenhydrinate, metoclopramide and trimethobenzamide HCl, antiemetic drugs on embryonic growth and development in cultured rat embryos. Embryos were explanted on day 9.5 of gestation and cultured. Whole rat serum was used as a culture medium for the control group while different concentrations of dimenhydrinate (2.5-20 mu g/ml), metoclopramide (10-50 mu g/ml) and trimethobenzamide HCl (25-100 mu g/ml) were added to serum for the experimental groups. Effects of antiemetics on embryonic developmental parameters were compared, and embryos were evaluated for the presence of any malformations. Also, the total DNA was extracted from the cells to determine the fragmentation of nuclear DNA of embryonic cells. Compared with the control embryos, the antiemetics significantly decreased all growth and developmental parameters dose dependently. There was no difference regarding the fragmentation of nuclear DNA of the all used agents and controls. Amongst the agents, trimethobenzamide HCl was found to have more toxic and teratogenic potential, and metoclopramide appears to be the least toxic antiemetic and therefore could be more safely used and might be preferred for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.Öğe Investigation of developmental toxicity and teratogenicity of macrolide antibiotics in cultured rat embryos(WILEY, 2008) Karabulut, A. K.; Uysal, I. I.; Acar, H.; Fazliogullari, Z.Macrolides are considered to be one of the safest anti-infective groups in clinical use, with severe adverse reactions being rare. However, there are limited data about their embryotoxicity and teratogenicity. We aimed to investigate and compare the effects of these agents on embryonic growth and development. Rat embryos were cultured in vitro for 48 h in rat serum. Whole rat serum was used as a culture medium for the control group while different concentrations of spiramycin and azithromycin (1.25-6.25 mu g/ml), and clarithromycin (2.5-30 mu g/ml) were added to rat serum for the experimental groups. Dose-dependent effects of macrolides on embryonic developmental parameters were compared using morphological methods. Embryos were evaluated for the presence of any malformations. After morphological examination of the embryos, total DNA was extracted from the cells using standard procedures to determine fragmentation of nuclear DNA of embryonic cells. When compared with the control embryos, the macrolides significantly decreased all growth and developmental parameters dose dependently. While clarithromycin was found to cause more developmental toxicity than spiramycin and azithromycin, azitromycin was determined to have more teratogenicity potential. Compared with controls, there was no difference regarding the fragmentation of nuclear DNA of all the agents used. According to these results, when the toxic and teratogenic potential of the used agents compared, because of the lower toxic and teratogenic effects observed with spiramycin, this agent may be preferred for parturients.Öğe An Investigation of the Conus Medullaris and Filum Terminale Variations in Human Fetuses(Springer Verlag, 2000) Salbacak, A.; Büyükmumcu, M.; Malas, M. A.; Karabulut, A. K.; Şeker, M.The morphologic structure of the conus medullaris and filum terminale was investigated by dissection in 123 human fetuses, obtained from Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine and Maternity hospital of Konya between 1992-1995. In 78 fetuses, the conus medullaris and filum terminale had a normal morphologic aspect, whereas there was a slight depression or groove formation in the closure region of the caudal neuropore in 45 fetuses. In 15 fetuses, important malformations of the cranium and vertebral column were observed. The morphologic aspects of the conus medullaris in 30 fetuses were abnormal in shape and position, among them 24 fetuses had an abnormal filum terminale (grooved, depressed, thickened or duplicated) whereas it was normal in 6. Deficiency of closure of the caudal neuropore was considered to have a negative effect on the fetal development of the filum terminale.Öğe Protection by Free Oxygen Radical Scavenging Enzymes Against Salicylate-İnduced Embryonic Malformations in Vitro(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2000) Karabulut, A. K.; Ülger, H.; Pratten, M. K.Salicylates are among the oldest and most widely used drugs and are known to lead to foetal death, growth retardation and congenital abnormalities in experimental animals. In this study, the effects of acetyl salicylic acid (ASA), salicylic acid (SAL) and sodium salicylate (NaSAL) on early organogenesis and the interaction of these molecules with free radicals has been investigated. Postimplantation rat embryos were cultured in vitro from day 9.5 of gestation for 48 hr. ASA, SAL and NaSAL were added to whole rat serum at concentrations between 0.1 and 0.6 mg/ml. Also, the lowest effective concentration of ASA for all parameters (0.3 mg/ml) and the same concentration of NaSAL and SAL was added to the culture media in the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (30 U/ml) or glutathione (0.5 mu mol/ml). The growth and development of embryos was compared and each embryo was evaluated for the presence of any malformations. When compared to growth of control embryos, the salicylates decreased all growth and developmental parameters in a concentration-responsive manner. There was also a concentration-related increase in overall dysmorphology, including the incidence of haematoma in the yolk sac and neural system, open neural tube, abnormal tail torsion and the absence of fore limb bud. When SOD was added in the presence of ASA, growth and developmental parameters were improved and there was a significant decrease in the incidence of malformations. Addition of SOD also decreased the incidence of malformations in the presence of SAL, but did not effect the growth and developmental parameters of SAL and NaSAL. There was no significant difference between the embryos grown in the presence of these three molecules on the addition of glutathione. The effects of salicylates might involve free oxygen radicals by the non-enzymatic production of the highly teratogenic metabolites 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. An enhanced production of these metabolites in embryonic tissues may be directly related to the increased risk of congenital malformations.Öğe The Relationship Between the Lumbosacral Enlargement and the Conns Medullaris During the Period of Fetal Development and Adulthood(Springer-Verlag, 2000) Malas, M. A.; Seker, M.; Salbacak, A.; Büyükmumcu, M.; Karabulut, A. K.; Yardimci, C.The spinal cord is situated within the vertebral canal by the third month of intrauterine life. The spinal cord possesses two symmetrical enlargements, which constitute the segments of the plexuses: the cervical enlargement for the brachial plexus and the lumbosacral enlargement for the lumbar and sacral plexus. In our study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the termination level of the lumbosacral enlargement (TLLE) and that of the conus medullaris (TLCM) during the period of fetal development and adulthood. We used a total of 75 cases: 25 fetuses (male: 16, female: 9) whose crown-rump length ranged between 90-190 mm, 25 premature and full-term neonates (male: 17, female: 8) whose post-menstrual ages ranged between 33-55 weeks, and 25 adults (male: 12, female: 13) aged between 22-72 years. The dissection technique for fetuses, ultrasonography for premature and full-term newborns, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for adults were used to determine lumbosacral enlargement and TLCM. The differences between the TLCM and the termination level of the largest part of the transverse diameter of the lumbosacral enlargement were investigated. The differences between the TLLE and TLCM were found in different ratios from the period of fetal development to adulthood. Therefore, during medical treatment and surgical procedures this should be taken into account to avoid complications.Öğe Species-Specificity of Growth-Promoting Effects of Prolactin During Rat Embryogenesis(WILEY, 1998) Karabulut, A. K.; Pratten, M. K.In the early stages of embryonic development, many growth-promoting molecules must be provided by the maternal system. The molecules involved in growth processes may be either hormones or growth factors, or molecules that interact with such factors. The pregnancy related hormone, prolactin (PRL, MW 23 kDa) has been implicated in the control of embryonic growth. The growth-promoting potential of PRL and its species-specificity was investigated by culturing 9.5 d rat embryos in vitro for 48 h in depleted serum in the presence and absence of PRL from 3 different species. The growth-supporting capacity of the serum was reduced by removal of low molecular weight molecules by prolonged filtration of the serum using filters with a molecular weight exclusion of 30 kDa. This method provided a 'semidefined' medium (retenate) in which embryonic growth and development was significantly reduced, demonstrating that the low molecular weight fraction of serum may contain some growth-promoting factors. Addition of PRL (0.4-25.6 ng/ml) from different species (human, sheep and rat) to retenate significantly improved embryonic growth and development, suggesting that the developing embryo may utilise PRL. Amongst PRLs, rat PRL was found to be active at much lower concentrations than either of the other molecules, and human PRL had more effect in low concentrations than sheep PRL suggesting a species-specificity for this hormone. It may be that the PRL receptors of the rat embryos have greater affinity for the rat hormone as different responses for hormones from different species have been shown. These findings suggest that embryos may be able to utilise maternally derived PRL during organogenesis.Öğe Teratogenicity of Edoferon Kappa A, a Molecule Derived From Salicylate, in Cultured Rat Embryos: Differences From Salicylate and Interaction With Free Oxygen Radical Scavenging Enzymes(Wıley, 2000) Karabulut, A. K.; Ülger, H.; Pratten, M.The effect of edoferon kappa A (E-KA), a non-specific immunomodulatory and anti-neoplastic chemical substance derived from the methyl form of salicylate (acetyl salicylic acid; ASA), on mammalian embryos was studied and compared to the effects of ASA. Rat embryos were cultured in vitro from 9.5 days of gestation for 48 h. E-KA (0.1-12.8 mg/ml) and ASA (0.1-0.6 mg/ml) were added to the whole rat serum. To investigate the interaction of these molecules with antioxidant agents, the lowest effective concentrations of E-KA (0.6 mg/ml) and ASA (0.3 mg/ml) for all parameters were added to the culture media in the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (30 U/ ml) or glutathione (0.5 mu mol/ml). The growth and development of embryos was compared and each embryo was evaluated for the presence of any malformations. E-KA and ASA decreased growth and development in a concentration-responsive manner. There was also a concentration-related increase in overall dysmorphology (haematoma in the yolk sac and neural system, open neural tube, abnormal tail torsion and the absence of fore limb bud). There were no statistically significant differences between the control and embryos grown in the presence of 0.1-0.4 mg/ml E-KA, although the effects of ASA started at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. Embryos showed significant growth retardation in all scoring criteria and severe malformations when 0.5-3.2 mg/ml E-KA and 0.3-0.6 mg/ml ASA were added. When SOD was added, there was a significant decrease in the incidence of malformations and growth and developmental parameters were increased but this decrease never reached the control level. We concluded that E-KA has direct toxic effects on the developing embryo but at much higher concentrations than ASA, and the teratogenic effects of these molecules might be related to free oxygen radicals.Öğe Visualisation of the Uptake of Prolactin (PRL) in Rat Embryonic Tissues(1999) Karabulut, A. K.; Ulger, H.; Pratten, M. K.Objective: Evidences implicate roles for prolactin (PRL) in the regulation of embryonic growth. To clarify the roles of PRL in rat embryogenesis we examined the uptake and expression of the hormone in embryonic tissues. Methods: Nine and a half day postimplantation rat embryos were cultured in vitro for 44 h in rat serum and serum depleted of low molecular weight molecules (retenate). The embryos were transferred to M199 for the last 4 h, and 12.8 ng/ml rat PRL was added to culture medium for different times (4 h - 15 min) and/or different temperatures (37°C and 4°C). As a control tissue, pituitary glands from 11.5 and 18.5d pregnant rats were used. Embryos and tissues were then examined by an indirect immunofluorescence protocol. Results: The pituitary glands showed positive immunoreactivity for anti-PRL antibody whilst there was no stain in the control brain tissue. Immunoreactivity was observed in embryos grown in rat serum, and intensity was much greater in the presence of additional rat PRL, whilst there was no immunoreactivity detected in those grown in retenate only. Shorter incubations and incubations at 37°C caused a greater immunoreactivity for PRL, suggesting that this is an active and temperature dependent metabolic process. Conclusion: These results show the uptake and distribution of PRL by the yolk sac and embryonic tissues which might be interpreted for the presence of PRL receptors.