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1,10-Phenanthroline modified glassy carbon electrode for voltammetric determination of cadmium(II) ions
(ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA, 2011) Oztekin, Yasemin; Ramanaviciene, Almira; Ryskevic, Natalija; Yazicigil, Zafer; Ustundag, Zafer; Solak, Ali Osman; Ramanavicius, Arunas
This study reports the electrochemical modification of glassy carbon (GC) electrode surface with the electro-polymerized form of 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate (PMH), the characterization of this polyphenanthroline modified electrode (PPMH/GC) and the electroanalytical application suitable for the determination of Cd(II) ions. The PPMH/GC electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and atomic force microscopy and formation of polyphenanthroline layer grafted to surface of GC electrode was evidenced. Selectivity of PPMH/GC electrode towards heavy metal ions was investigated by square wave voltammetry. The PPMH/GC electrode was found to be suitable for selective determination of Cd(II) in the solutions containing the mixture of heavy metal ions and showed high stability and reproducibility. The analytical methodology was successfully applied for monitoring the toxic metal ions in real samples. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Covalent grafting of three flavonoids onto the glassy carbon electrode surface by cyclic voltammetry
(WALTER DE GRUYTER GMBH, 2011) Mulazimoglu, Ibrahim Ender; Ustundag, Zafer; Ozkan, Erdal; Solak, Ali Osman
Electrochemical oxidation of quercetin (QR), 3-hydroxyfl avone (3HF), and baicalein (BN) and their grafting onto the glassy carbon (GC) electrode have been studied using the cyclic voltammetric (CV) technique. Electrochemical studies were performed within a one-compartment three-electrode cell at room temperature. The modification was carried out only in nonaqueous media, while the electrochemical characterization was done in both aqueous and nonaqueous media. In the nonaqueous experiments, 0.1 m tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile was used, whereas in the aqueous experiments, Britton-Robinson buffer solutions (pH = 2) and 0.1 m KCl solutions were. Surface modifi cations were performed by CV for all compounds. The presence of QR, 3HF, and BN at the GC electrode surface was characterized by CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, contact angle measurement, ellipsometry, and atomic force microscopy.
Direct electron transfer from glucose oxidase immobilized on polyphenanthroline-modified glassy carbon electrode
(ELSEVIER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY, 2011) Oztekin, Yasemin; Ramanaviciene, Almira; Yazicigil, Zafer; Solak, Ali Osman; Ramanavicius, Arunas
This study reports direct electron transfer (DET) from immobilized glucose oxidase (GOx) via grafted and electropolymerized 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate (PMH). The layer of poly-1,10-phenanthroline (PPMH) was gained via electrochemical deposition, which was used to create the PPMH-modified GC-electrode (PPMH/GC-electrode). Further, the GOx was immobilized on the PPMH/GC-electrode. The effect of surface-modification by the PPMH on the electron-transfer between enzyme and electrode-surface and some other electrochemical/analytical-parameters of newly designed enzymatic-electrode were evaluated. The PPMH/GC-electrode showed superior DET to/from flavine adenine dinucleotide cofactor of GOx, while some redox-compounds including ferrocene and K-3[Fe(CN)(6)] were completely electrochemically inactive on the PPMH/GC-electrode. It was also found that the resulting GOx/PPMH/GC-electrode functioned as a "direct response type" glucose-biosensor. The biosensor showed excellent selectivity towards glucose and demonstrated good operational-stability. According to our best knowledge, this study is the first scientific report on electrochemical-polymerization of PMH on the GC-electrode in non-aqueous media followed by its application in the design of glucose-biosensor. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Effect of Au and Au@ag Core-Shell Nanoparticles on the SERS of Bridging Organic Molecules
(ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE, 2010) Güzel, Remziye; Üstündağ, Zafer; Ekşi, Haslet; Keskin, Selda; Taner, Bilge; Durgun, Zeynep Gülşah; Turan, Aybüke A. İşbir; Solak, Ali Osman
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with about 6 nm size were produced and stabilized with mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) film to produce a monolayer protected cluster (MPC) of AuS(CH2)(2)COOH. 4-Aminothiophenol (ATP) molecules were introduced to the activated carboxylic acid ends of the film surrounding the AuNPs to produce AuS(CH2)(2)CONHPhSH MPC. These modified AuNPs were again self-assembled with Au@Ag core-shell bimetallic nanoparticles via the -SH groups to produce an organic bridge between Au and Au@Ag metallic nanoparticles. An unusually strong enhancement of the Raman signals was observed and assigned to the plasmon coupling between the AuNPs and Au@Ag NPs bridged assembly. Formation of AuS(CH2)(2)COOH and AuS(CH2)(2)CONHPhSH clusters and AuS(CH2)(2)CONHPhS(Au@Ag) assembly is confirmed by UV-Vis, reflection-absorption IR spectroscopy (RAIRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), as well as by TEM analysis. The SERS activity of the AuNPs and Au@Ag NPs was tested using the HS(CH2)(2)CONHPhSH molecule as a probe to compare the effectiveness of monometallic and bimetallic systems. SERS spectra show that Au@Ag bimetallic nanoparticles are very effective SERS-active substrates.
Evaluation of Some Redox Mediators in the Design of Reagentless Amperometric Glucose Biosensor
(WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH, 2014) Kausaite-Minkstimiene, Asta; Mazeiko, Viktor; Ramanaviciene, Almira; Oztekin, Yasemin; Solak, Ali Osman; Ramanavicius, Arunas
The influence of redox mediators (tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane complex (TTF-TCNQ), phenazine methosulfate (PMS), 5,6-diamino-1,10-phenonthroline (5,6-DAP), potassium ferrocyanide (K4[Fe(CN)6]), methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue (TB)) on the response of amperometric glucose biosensor was investigated in this research. Graphite rod electrode (GRE) modified by adsorbed mediator and glucose oxidase (GOx) cross-linked with glutaraldehyde was served as working electrode. The highest amperometric signals were observed by using TTF and TTF-TCNQ as mediators. The impact of amount of immobilized GOx, an optimal pH region for operation, stability and reproducibility of the analytic signal of designed biosensor using these mediators were investigated and discussed.
Fabrication of Calix[4]pyrrole Nanofilms at the Glassy Carbon Surface and Their Characterization by Spectroscopic, Optic and Electrochemical Methods
(Elsevier Science Sa, 2010) Taner, Bilge; Özcan, Emine; Üstündağ, Zafer; Keskin, Selda; Solak, Ali Osman; Ekşi, Haslet
meso-Octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole (CP) and meso-heptaethylcalix[4]pyrrole-meso-4-aminophenyl (4APCP) modified glassy carbon (GC) electrodes were prepared by the electrochemical oxidation in acetonitrile solution. Binding of the calix[4]pyrroles with the glassy carbon surface was investigated that it is through the etheric linkage revealed from the reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). Surface films of CP and 4APCP were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. RAIRS and the contact angle measurements. The thicknesses of the films were determined by ellipsometry which confirmed that the film was multilayer and homogeneous over the surface. Ellipsometric measurements also provided that the CP and 4APCP film thicknesses were 2.49 nm and 4.58 nm for 6 CV cycle modification, corresponding to 66 mu F/cm(2) and 106 mu F/cm(2) capacitances obtained by CV. The wetting behavior was examined by contact angle measurements and found that the hydrophobicity of the GC-4APCP surface was higher than that of GC-CP, probably due to the aromatic meso substituent present in the former.
The first example of calix[4]pyrrole functionalized vic-dioxime ligand: Synthesis, characterization, spectroscopic studies and redox properties of the mononuclear transition metal complexes
(ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA, 2010) Taner, Bilge; Deveci, Pervin; Bereket, Soner; Solak, Ali Osman; Ozcan, Emine
Novel calix[4] pyrrole bearing vic-dioxime ligand (LH2) of the general formula, R1R2C2N2O2H2 (where, R-1 = C6H5- and R-2 = C39H50N5-) has been synthesized by the reaction of anti-chlorophenylglyoxime with 3-aminophenylcalix[4] pyrrole at room temperature. The mononuclear Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes of this vic-dioxime ligand were prepared and their structures were confirmed by elemental analysis, FT-IR, TGA and magnetic susceptibility measurements; the HMBC, DEPT, H-1 and C-13 NMR spectra of the LH2 ligand were also reported. The electrochemical property of the complexes was investigated in DMSO by cyclic voltammetry at 200 mV s (1) scan rate. The cyclic voltammetric measurements clearly indicated that Co(LH)(2)center dot 2H(2)O complex differs from the Ni(LH)(2) and Cu(LH)(2) complexes upon the exhibition of quasi-reversible one-electron transfer reduction process in the negative region instead of an irreversible process. (C) 2010 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.
High energetic body source and strong antioxidant quercetin, morin and rutin: Their covalent grafting onto the glassy carbon electrode surfaces and investigation of surface properties
(SILA SCIENCE, 2012) Mulazimoglu, Ibrahim Ender; Ozkan, Erdal; Solak, Ali Osman
Herein, electrochemical oxidation and grafting of quercetin, morin and rutin as important biological molecules has been studied with the cyclic voltammetry technique by using a glassy carbon electrode. Electrochemical studies have beep performed potentiostatically within a one-compartment three-electrode cell at room temperature. Glassy carbon electrode was used as a working electrode and Pt was used as a wire counter electrode. Ag/Ag+ (10 mM AgNO3), non-aqueous reference electrode calibrated to the E-1/2 of ferrocene redox probe and Ag/AgCl/KCl (sat.), an aqueous reference electrode calibrated to the E-1/2 of Fe(CN)(6)(3-) redox probe respectively. The modification and surface characterizations were carried out in both aqueous and non-aqueous media. 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile was used in non-aqueous experiments, Britton-Robinson buffer solution (pH=2) and 0.1 M KCl solution were used in aqueous experiments. Before each experiment the solution was de-aerated by the bubbling of Argon to remove the oxygen effects from the experiment results. Surface modification experiments were performed in the +0.3 V and +2.8 V potential ranges with a scan rate of 0.1 V s(-1) and 10 cycles for all molecules. The presence of quercetin, morin and rutin at the glassy carbon electrode surface was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy.
Modification of glassy carbon electrode by the electrochemical oxidation of 3-aminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole in nonaqueous media
(Wiley, 2012) Taner, Bilge; Deveci, Pervin; Üstündağ, Zafer; Keskin, Selda; Özcan, Emine; Solak, Ali Osman
3-Aminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole (3APCP) was grafted to a glassy carbon (GC) surface during the electrochemical oxidation process in 0.1 M tetrabutylammoniumtetra-fluoroborate (TBATFB) containing acetonitrile solution. The presence of a surface film was confirmed electrochemically by comparing voltammograms of dopamine and ferricyanide redox probes at the bare and modified electrodes. Reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), XPS, atomic force microscopy (AFM), ellipsometry and the contact angle measurements were also employed to characterize 3APCP film on GC electrode. RAIRS analysis revealed that calix[4]pyrrole was bonded to the glassy carbon surface via the etheric linkage. The stability of the modified GC electrode was also studied. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel apigenin modified glassy carbon sensor electrode for the determination of copper ions in soil samples
(ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY, 2011) Mulazimoglu, Ibrahim Ender; Solak, Ali Osman
In this study, electrochemical modification of a glassy carbon (GC) electrode with apigenin was carried out and the modified electrode was used for determination of copper(II) (Cu(II)) in soil samples. The GC was modified through the electrochemical polymerization of apigenin (PolyApi/GC) on the electrode surface in aqueous media. The electrode surface was modified with apigenin in phosphate buffer solution (PBS), pH 7, from 0 mV to +1400 mV potential ranges, using 100 mV s(-1) sweep rate and 30 cycles by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The surface characterizations of this sensor electrode were performed by CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer solution at pH 5 was used for determination of Cu(II) by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The detection limit was obtained as lower as 1.0 x 10(-11) M. By using this calibration curve, the amount of Cu(II) was determined as 7.34 x 10(-7) M in soil samples. The results showed that pH, incubation time and interferences of some cations and anions were significant.
A novel vic-dioxime ligand and its Ni(II), Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes containing calix[4]pyrrole moiety: synthesis, characterization and redox properties
(SPRINGER, 2012) Taner, Bilge; Deveci, Pervin; Ozcan, Emine; Solak, Ali Osman
A new calix[4]pyrrole functionalized vic-dioxime, 3-(4-methyl-9,9,14,14,19,19-hexaethylcalix[4]pyrrole)benzoaminoglyoxime (LH2) was synthesized from anti-chloroglyoxime and 3-aminophenyl-calix[4]pyrrole at room temperature. The mononuclear complexes {nickel(II), copper(II) and cobalt(II)} of this vic-dioxime ligand were prepared and their structures were confirmed by elemental analysis, IR and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, magnetic susceptibility; the MS, H-1 and C-13 NMR spectra of the LH2 ligand and its Ni(II) complex were also recorded. The experimental results indicated that the ligand:metal ratio was 2:1 in the cases of Ni(II), Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes as is with most vic-dioximes. Electrochemical properties of the ligand, and its complexes were investigated in DMSO solution by cyclic voltammetry at 200 mV s(-1) scan rate.
Phenanthroline derivatives electrochemically grafted to glassy carbon for Cu(II) ion detection
(ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA, 2012) Oztekin, Yasemin; Yazicigil, Zafer; Solak, Ali Osman; Ustundag, Zafer; Okumus, Aytug; Kilic, Zeynel; Ramanaviciene, Almira
New sensing platform based on modified glassy carbon (GC) suitable for design of heavy metal-ion sensor is reported in this study. GC-based electrodes were electrochemically modified by poly-5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline (poly-5NP) and poly-5-amino, 6-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline (poly-5A6NP) layers. Grafting of electrochemically formed poly-5NP and poly-5A6NP layers at the GC electrode surface was confirmed by electrochemical reduction of nitro groups into amine groups. Presence of grafted poly-5NP and poly-5A6NP layers and formation of their reduced forms on the GC electrode surface were verified by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The applicability of poly-5NP- and poly-5A6NP-functionalized carbon surfaces for the determination of Cu(II) ions was demonstrated by formation of complexes between GC-grafted poly-5NP and poly-5A6NP layers and Cu(II) ions. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Surface modification and characterization of phenanthroline nanofilms on carbon substrate
(WILEY, 2011) Oztekin, Yasemin; Yazicigil, Zafer; Solak, Ali Osman; Ustundag, Zafer; Kilic, Zeynel; Bilge, Selen
Modification of glassy carbon (GC) surfaces with phenanthroline derivatives (PDs) such as 5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline (5AP) and 5,6-diamino-1,10-phenanthroline (56DAP) is described in this study. Surface modification experiments were performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) scanning from +1.2 to +2.7 V at scan rate of 100 mV/s applying 30 potential scans in acetonitrile (CH3CN) containing 1 mMPDs and 100 mM tetrabutylammoniumtetrafluoroborate (TBATFB). The presence of PDs on GC electrode was confirmed using CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), contact angle measurements and ellipsometry and comparing with the results of bare GC electrode. A mechanism was proposed for the electrochemical modification of the GC electrode surface with PDs. The structure of the 5AP and 56DAP films was also discussed in the light of electrochemical and spectroscopic data. The complex-forming ability of the modified surfaces against metal cations was investigated by square-wave voltammetry (SWV). It was shown that surfaces having 1,10-phenanthroline ligands with different functional groups were quite useful for the determination of transition metal ions. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and structural and electrochemical characterization of novel macrocyclic vic-dioxime ligand and its mononuclear transition and nontransition metal complexes
(SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY-TUBITAK, 2012) Deveci, Pervin; Taner, Bilge; Kilic, Zeynel; Solak, Ali Osman; Ozcan, Emine
The reaction of N-(4-aminophenyl)aza-15-crown-5 (1) with anti-chlorophenylglyoxime (2) produces a novel azacrown ether containing vic-dioxime, N-(4-aminophenyl)aza-15-crown-5-phenylglyoxime (LH2). LH2 reacts with Ni(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) ions to yield the mononuclear transition and nontransition metal complexes [M(LH)(2)] (M = Ni and Cu), [M(LH)(2) (H2O)(2)] (M = Co), and [M(LH)(H2O) (Cl)] (M = Cd and Zn). The structural features of LH2 were studied using several techniques including elemental analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR,), ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis), mass spectrometry (MS), 1-dimensional (1D) H-1-NMR and (CNMR)-C-13, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) 2-dimensional (2D) heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC), and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) techniques. The structures of the complexes were confirmed by elemental analyses and with the use of magnetic susceptibility measurements, MS, UV-Vis, FT-IR, H-1-NMR and C-13-NMR techniques. The redox behaviors of the ligand and its Complexes were verified with cyclic voltammetry (CV) at a. glassy carbon (GC) electrode in 0.1 M tetrabutylammoniumtetrafluoroborate (TBATFB) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
Synthesis of some azacrown derivatives and fabrication of their nanofilms on the glassy carbon surface
(SPRINGER, 2012) Deveci, Pervin; Taner, Bilge; Ustundag, Zafer; Kilic, Zeynel; Solak, Ali Osman; Ozcan, Emine
The modification of N-phenyl-aza-15-crown-5 (PA15C5) and N-(4-aminophenyl)-aza-15-crown-5 (4APA15C5) on glassy carbon (GC) electrode was performed by the electrochemical oxidation of the corresponding azacrown derivatives in anhydrous acetonitrile media. The electrochemical behavior of the resulting modified GC electrode was investigated in the presence of electroactive redox probes and these results, together with the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy were used to confirm the attachment of these molecules onto the GC surface. The ellipsometric thicknesses of PA15C5 and 4APA15C5 films at the GC surface was obtained around 9.28 +/- 0.40 and 10.50 +/- 1.10 nm, respectively. Azacrown modified nanoscale surfaces serve as alkali metal sensor specific for their cavity in the crown ring.
Synthesis, Characterization, Thermal and Redox Properties of a Vic-Dioxime and Its Metal Complexes
(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2010) Uçar, Asuman; Deveci, Pervin; Taner, Bilge; Fındık, Mükerrem; Bereket, Soner; Özcan, Emine; Solak, Ali Osman
A new vic-dioxime ligand containing benzophenone hydrazone units, N'-(benzophenone hydrazone)glyoxime [LH2] has been prepared from benzophenone hydrazone and anti-chloroglyoxime in absolute ethanol. Mononuclear nickel(II), cobalt(II), copper(II), zinc(II), and cadmium(II) complexes were also synthesized. Ligand and complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, magnetic moments, and DTA/TG techniques. On the basis of the magnetic and spectral evidences a square-planar geometry for Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes, tetrahedral for Cd(II) and Zn(II) complexes, and octahedral for Co(II) complex were proposed. Redox behaviors of ligand and its complexes were also investigated by cyclic voltammetry at the glassy carbon electrode.
Synthesis, electrochemical and structural characterization of novel azacrown ether containing macrocyclic redox-active vic-dioxime ligand and its mononuclear transition metal complexes: Application of DEPT, HSQC, HMBC-NMR and cyclic voltammetry
(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2011) Deveci, Pervin; Taner, Bilge; Kilic, Zeynel; Solak, Ali Osman; Arslan, Ugur; Ozcan, Emine
This paper presents a new azacrown containing vic-dioxime: anti-N-(4-aminophenyl)aza-15-crown-5-glyoxime (LH2), and its mononuclear nickel(II), copper(II), cobalt(II), cadmium(II) and zinc(II) complexes. The azacrown moieties appended at the periphery of the oxime provide solubility for the vic-dioxime ligand and complexes in common organic solvents. The mononuclear M(LH)(2) (M = Ni and Cu), M(LH)(2)(H2O)(2) (M = Co) and [M(LH)(H2O)(Cl)] (M = Cd and Zn) complexes have been obtained with the metal:ligand ratios of 1:2 and 1:1. The structure of the ligand is confirmed by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), mass spectrometry (MS), one-dimensional (1D) H-1, C-13 NMR, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) and two-dimensional (2D) heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) techniques. The structures of the complexes are confirmed by elemental analyses, MS, UV-Vis, FT-IR and H-1, C-13 NMR techniques. Redox behaviors of the ligand and its complexes have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry at the glassy carbon electrode in 0.1 M TBATFB in DMSO. The antibacterial activity was studied against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Streptococcus mutans RSHM 676. Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Lactobacillus acidophilus RSHM 06029, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The antimicrobial test results indicate that all the complexes have low levels of antibacterial activity against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial species. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Synthesis, Enhanced Spectroscopic Characterization and Electrochemical Grafting of N-(4-Aminophenyl)aza-18-Crown-6: Application of Dept, Hetcor, Hmbc-Nmr and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
(ELSEVIER, 2010) Deveci, Pervin; Taner, Bilge; Üstündağ, Zafer; Özcan, Emine; Solak, Ali Osman; Kılıç, Zeynel
This work describes the synthesis, characterization and electrochemical grafting of N-(4-Aminophenyl)aza-18-Crown-6 (4APA18C6). The key step in the synthesis is the reaction of N-phenylaza-18-crown-6 (PA18C6) with sodium nitrite. The compound, N-(4-nitrosophenyl)aza-18-crown-6 (NOPA18C6) could not be isolated purely from the reaction mixture, but a reduction of the residue with SnCl2 gave the desired aza-crown ether, N-(4-aminophenyl)aza-18-crown-6 (4APA18C6). To confirm its proposed structure detailed characterization techniques such as elemental analysis, FT-IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, DEPT, HETCOR, HMBC and ESI mass-spectrometry were used. Due to the importance of azacrown compounds in the field of analytical chemistry, in the derivatization of dyes, chemical sensors and ionic extraction, as molecular receptors, grafting of 4APA18C6 on the glassy carbon (GC) surface has been investigated by amine oxidation to gain new insight into the modification area. The oxidation mechanism has been established, and the results are in accordance with the attachment of amines to a glassy carbon surface by cyclic voltammetry. The modification of 4APA18C6 molecules onto the glassy carbon surface was verified by cyclic voltammetry (CV), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and ellipsometry. The film on the GC surface was formed according to the layer-by-layer mechanism and the ellipsometric thickness was obtained around 11.5 +/- 1.1 nm.

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